Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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• Role of molecular damage in crack initiation mechanisms of tough elastomers AI翻译
  作者：Ju, Jianzhu; Sanoja, Gabriel E.; Cipelletti, Luca; Ciccotti, Matteo; Zhu, Bangguo; Narita, Tetsuharu; Hui, Chung Yuen; Creton, Costantino
  作者单位：Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Chemistry (INC); Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Universitaire de France; Cornell University
  摘要：Tough soft materials such as multiple network elastomers (MNE) or filled elastomers are typically stretchable and include significant energy dissipation mechanisms that prevent or delay crack growth. Yet most studies and fracture models focus on steady- state propagation and damage is assumed to be decoupled from the local stress and strain fields near the crack tip. We report an in situ spatial- temporally resolved 3D measurement of molecular damage in mechanophore-labeled MNE just before a c...
• The periaxonal space as a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid flow to peripheral organs AI翻译
  作者：Li, Xinyu; Wang, Siman; Zhang, Dianjun; Feng, Yuliang; Liu, Yingyu; Yu, Weiyang; Cui, Lulu; Harkany, Tibor; Verkhratsky, Alexei; Xia, Maosheng; Li, Baoman
  作者单位：China Medical University; China Medical University; China Medical University; Medical University of Vienna; Karolinska Institutet; University of Manchester; University of Basque Country; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine; China Medical University
  摘要：Mechanisms controlling the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) toward peripheral nerves are poorly characterized. We found that, in addition to the foramina Magendie outflow could also occur along periaxonal spaces (termed PAS pathway) from the spinal cord to peripheral organs, such as the liver and pancreas. When interrogating the latter route, we found that serotonin, acting through 5- HT2B receptors expressed erization of F- actin, a cytoskeletal protein, to reduce the volume of epend...
• The persistent DDT footprint of ocean disposal, and ecological controls on bioaccumulation in fishes AI翻译
  作者：McGill, Lillian; Sleugh, Toni; Petrik, Colleen; Schiff, Kenneth; McLaughlin, Karen; Aluwihare, Lihini; Semmens, Brice
  作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  摘要：Globally, ocean dumping of chemical waste is a common method of disposal and relies on the assumption that dilution, diffusion, and dispersion at ocean scales will mitigate human exposure and ecosystem impacts. In southern California, extensive dumping of agrochemical waste, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants such as DDT, via sewage outfalls and permitted offshore barging occurred for most of the last century. This study compiled a database of existing sediment and fish DDT meas...
• The role of astrocytes in depression, its prevention, and treatment by targeting astroglial gliotransmitter release AI翻译
  作者：Duarte, Yorley; Quintana-Donoso, Daisy; Moraga-Amaro, Rodrigo; Dinamarca, Ivanka; Lemunao, Yordan; Cardenas, Kevin; Bahamonde, Tamara; Barrientos, Tabita; Olivares, Pedro; Navas, Camila; Carvajal, Francisco J.; Santibanez, Yessenia; Castro-Lazo, Raimundo; Paz Meza, Maria; Jorquera, Ramon; Gomez, Gonzalo I.; Henke, Marina; Alarcon, Rodrigo; Gabriel, Laureen A.; Schiffmann, Susanne; Cerpa, Waldo; Retamal, Mauricio A.; Simon, Felipe; Linsambarth, Sergio; Gonzalez-Nilo, Fernando; Stehberg, Jimmy
  作者单位：Universidad Andres Bello; Universidad Andres Bello; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Universidad Andres Bello; Universidad Autonoma de Chile; Clinica Alemana; Universidad del Desarrollo; Universidad Andres Bello
  摘要：The role of ventral hippocampus (vHipp) astroglial gliotransmission in depression was studied using chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rodent models. CRS increased Cx43 hemichannel activity and extracellular glutamate levels in the vHipp and blocking astroglial Cx43 hemichannel-dependent gliotransmission during CRS prevented the development of depression and glutamate buildup. Moreover, the acute blockade of Cx43 hemichannels induced antidepressant effe...
• Political organization and gender predict violence in the Andean archaeological record AI翻译
  作者：Snyder, Thomas J.; Arkush, Elizabeth
  作者单位：University of California System; University of California Davis; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
  摘要：The relationship between sociopolitical organization and violence remains an enduring question in anthropological research. Less studied is the articulation of gender with lence in societies of different sociopolitical organization. We investigate the frequency and type of violence experienced by adult males and females in pre- Hispanic Andean archaeological contexts, comparing exposure to antemortem (nonlethal) and perimortem (potentially lethal) violence across three categories of sociopolit...
• United toward a common goal: Coordination of microbial virulence phenotypes AI翻译
  作者：Alspaugh, J. Andrew
  作者单位：Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
• Mary- Lou Pardue (1933 to 2024): Investigating chromosomes and genomes by in situ hybridization AI翻译
  作者：Gerbi, Susan A.; Spradling, Allan C.
  作者单位：Brown University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Carnegie Institution for Science
• Large Language Models based on historical text could offer informative tools for behavioral science AI翻译
  作者：Varnum, Michael E. W.; Baumard, Nicolas; Atari, Mohammad; Gray, Kurt
  作者单位：Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
• Historical trends in teacher personality from human language AI翻译
  作者：Xu, Liang
  作者单位：Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang University
  摘要：Understanding the historical perception and value of teacher personalities reveals key educational priorities and societal expectations. This study analyzes the evolution of teachers' ascribed Big Five personality traits from 1800 to 2019, drawing on millions of English- language books. Word frequency analysis reveals that conscientiousness is the most frequently discussed trait, followed by agreeableness, openness, extraversion, and neuroticism. This pattern underscores society's focus on whe...
• Switching of electrochemical selectivity due to plasmonic field- induced dissociation AI翻译
  作者：Alcorn, Francis M.; Giri, Sajal Kumar; Chattoraj, Maya; Nixon, Rachel; Schatz, George C.; Jain, Prashant K.
  作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Northwestern University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
  摘要：Electrochemical reactivity is known to be dictated by the structure and composition of the electrocatalyst-electrolyte interface. Here, we show that optically generated electric fields at this interface can influence electrochemical reactivity insofar as to completely switch reaction selectivity. We study an electrocatalyst composed of gold-copper alloy nanoparticles known to be active toward the reduction of CO2 to CO. However, under the action of highly localized electric fields generated by...