Political organization and gender predict violence in the Andean archaeological record

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Snyder, Thomas J.; Arkush, Elizabeth
• 署名单位: University of California System; University of California Davis; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-13204
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2410078121
• 发表日期: 2024-10-29
• 关键词: small-scale; warfare; WAR; settlement; CHILDREN; origin; cuzco

摘要

The relationship between sociopolitical organization and violence remains an enduring question in anthropological research. Less studied is the articulation of gender with lence in societies of different sociopolitical organization. We investigate the frequency and type of violence experienced by adult males and females in pre- Hispanic Andean archaeological contexts, comparing exposure to antemortem (nonlethal) and perimortem (potentially lethal) violence across three categories of sociopolitical organization: autonomous communities, regional cultural formations, and states. Using a database of adults from 169 publications and over 155 sites, we construct a multinomial logistic regression using Bayesian Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods to fit our model. The of antemortem and perimortem trauma were low for both sexes. However, the odds antemortem trauma were consistently higher for males than females in all categories sociopolitical organization, suggesting that men were more frequently exposed to violence. Males display similar odds of cranial trauma across all forms of sociopolitical organization, while females display slightly reduced odds of cranial trauma in states compared autonomous communities. Perimortem trauma is especially strongly patterned by sex. autonomous communities, the odds of potentially lethal cranial trauma are equivalent between the sexes; in states, they are consistent for males, but depressed for females. the pre- Hispanic Andes, living in states dramatically reduced the chances of encountering lethal violence for females, but not males. Our study complicates the notion that increasing sociopolitical complexity leads to decreasing interpersonal violence and highlights importance of gender in understanding the human history of violence.