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作者：Guvenen, Fatih; Kaplan, Greg; Song, Jae; Weidner, Justin
作者单位：University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Minneapolis; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; Deutsche Bank
摘要：Between the 1957 and 1983 labor market entry cohorts, median life-time earnings declined by 10-19 percent for men and increased by 22-33 percent for women, albeit relative to very low median life-time earnings for the early cohorts. The difference between newer and older cohorts comes from differences in median earnings at the time of labor market entry. Inequality in lifetime earnings has increased significantly within each gender group, but the closing life-time gender gap has kept overall l...
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作者：Heyes, Anthony; Saberian, Soodeh
作者单位：University of Ottawa; University of Exeter; University of Manitoba
摘要：This paper evidenced the sensitivity of US immigration judge decisions to temperature in the city of arbitration on the date of a case's completion. This note serves to correct errors noted since publication. The results from both the main linear specifications are qualitatively unchanged, with estimated treatment effects similar in size to the original and retaining statistical significance at conventional levels. Some secondary results lose significance with the erosion of sample size. We al...
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作者：Anderson, D. Mark; Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Rees, Daniel, I
作者单位：Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; National Bureau of Economic Research; Yale University; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
摘要：This rejoinder is written in response to the comment by Cutler and Miller (hereafter CM) on our paper, Reexamining the Contribution of Public Health Efforts to the Decline in Urban Mortality (Anderson, Charles, and Rees 2022a). In their comment, CM acknowledge making unambiguous data transcription errors when constructing the infant mortality rates,(1) assess the sensitivity of their filtration estimates to alternative intervention dates, and defend the population denominators they used to con...
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作者：Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas; Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco; Polloni, Stefano; Turner, Matthew A.
作者单位：McGill University; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Brown University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We investigate the effect of subway system openings on urban air pollution. On average, particulate concentrations are unchanged by subway openings. For cities with higher initial pollution levels, subway openings reduce particulates by 4 percent in the area sur-rounding a city center. The effect decays with distance to city center and persists over the longest time horizon that we can measure with our data, about four years. For highly polluted cities, we estimate that a new subway system pro...
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作者：Mastrobuoni, Giovannni; Terlizzese, Daniele
作者单位：Collegio Carlo Alberto; European Central Bank; Bank of Italy
摘要：We estimate the effect on recidivism of replacing time served in a common closed-cell prison with time served in an open-cell one. We deal with the endogenous assignment of inmates to different prison regimes using variation that is driven by nearby prisons' overcrowd-ing. Switching regimes for a year reduces recidivism by around 6 percentage points. The effects are largest for inmates with low levels of education and are weak for violent and hardened criminals. (JEL K14, K42)
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作者：Stephens, Melvin; Toohey, Desmond
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Delaware
摘要：While economists have posited that health investments increase earnings, isolating the causal effect of health is challenging due to reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity. We examine the labor market effects of a randomized controlled trial, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), which monitored nearly 13,000 men for over six years. We find that this intervention, which provided a bundle of treatments to reduce coronary heart disease mortality, increased earnings and fam...
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作者：Stuart, Bryan A.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia
摘要：This paper examines the long-run effects of the 1980-1982 recession on education and income. Using confidential census data, I estimate difference-in-difference regressions that exploit variation across counties in recession severity and across cohorts in age at the time of the recession. For individuals age 0-10 in 1979, a 10 percent decrease in earnings per capita in their county of birth reduces four-year college degree attainment by 15 percent and earnings in adulthood by 5 percent. Simple...
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作者：Miller, Conrad; Peck, Jennifer; Seflek, Mehmet
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Swarthmore College
摘要：In settings where social norms promote gender segregation, firms may find it costly to employ both men and women. These integration costs may hinder women's employment. We develop a methodology to test for the presence of fixed integration costs and estimate counterfactual women's employment at all-male firms where these costs bind. We apply our approach in Saudi Arabia and find that integration costs bind for the majority of firms. We show that Nitaqat, a gender-neutral quota program that inc...
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作者：Gonzales, Mariella; Leon-Ciliotta, Gianmarco; Martinez, Luis R.
作者单位：University of Chicago; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：We study voters' response to marginal changes to the fine for electoral abstention in Peru, leveraging variation from a nationwide reform. A smaller fine has a robust, negative effect on voter turnout, partly through irregular changes in voter registration. However, representation is largely unaffected, as most of the lost votes are blank or invalid. We also show that the effect of an exemption from compulsory voting is substantially larger than that of a full fine reduction, suggesting that n...
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作者：Fitzsimons, Emla; Vera-Hernandez, Marcos
作者单位：University of London; University College London; UCL Institute of Education; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; University College London
摘要：We show that children who are born at or just before the week-end are less likely to be breastfed, owing to poorer breastfeeding support services in hospitals at weekends. We use this variation to estimate the effect of breastfeeding on children's development in the first seven years of life, for a sample of births of low-educated mothers. We find large effects of breastfeeding on children's cog-nitive development but no effects on health or noncognitive devel-opment during the period of child...
