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作者：Dobkin, Carlos; Nicosia, Nancy; Weinberg, Matthew
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Bureau of Economic Research; RAND Corporation; Drexel University
摘要：Enforcement efforts are the primary approach to reduce illegal drug use in the U.S., but evidence on their effectiveness is mixed. We provide new evidence on the effectiveness of enforcement efforts by using rich administrative records and the staggered implementation of state laws targeting over-the-counter medicines that can be used to produce methamphetamine. We estimate that the regulations reduced the number of methamphetamine laboratories operating in a state by 36%. We find no evidence ...
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作者：Prediger, Sebastian; Vollan, Bjoern; Herrmann, Benedikt
作者单位：German Institute of Global & Area Studies; University of Innsbruck; University of Nottingham
摘要：This paper examines whether exposure to persistent resource scarcity on the commons affects pastoralists' readiness to engage in antisocial behavior towards their fellow commons users. The region under study is divided into two areas according to exogenous variations in biomass production stemming from geological peculiarities. We conducted a joy-of-destruction game with pastoralists from both areas and provide evidence for a positive relationship between antisocial behavior and long-term expo...
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作者：Weinzierl, Matthew
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：A prominent assumption in modem optimal tax research is that the objective of taxation is Utilitarian. I present new survey evidence that most people reject this assumption's implications for several prominent features of tax policy, instead preferring tax policies based at least in part on a classic alternative objective: the principle of Equal Sacrifice. I generalize the standard model to accommodate this preference for a mixed objective, proposing a method by which to make disparate criteri...
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作者：Riddell, Chris; Riddell, W. Craig
作者单位：Cornell University; University of British Columbia
摘要：This paper investigates whether policies that encourage recipients to exit welfare for full-time employment influence participation in educational activity. The Self-Sufficiency Project ('SSP') was a demonstration project where long-term welfare recipients randomly assigned to the treatment group were offered a generous earnings supplement if they exited welfare for full-time employment. We find that treatment group members were less likely to upgrade their education along all dimensions: high...
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作者：Coulomb, Renaud; Sangnier, Marc
作者单位：Paris School of Economics; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper simultaneously estimates the impact of political majorities on the values of firms that would benefit from the platforms of the two main candidates at the 2007 French presidential election, Segolene Royal and Nicolas Sarkozy, and of those that are ruled or owned by Sarkozy's friends. We use prediction-market data to track each candidate's victory probability, and investigate how this relates to firms' abnormal returns. Our estimates suggest that the value of firms that would likely ...
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作者：Ferreira, Fernando; Gyourko, Joseph
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：What are the consequences of electing a female leader for policy and political outcomes? We answer this question in the context of U.S. cities, where women's participation in mayoral elections increased from negligible numbers in 1970 to about one-third of the elections in the 2000's. A novel data set of U.S. mayoral elections from 1950 to 2005 was used, and a regression discontinuity design was employed to deal with the endogeneity of female candidacy to city characteristics. In contrast to m...
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作者：Chalmers, John; Johnson, Woodrow T.; Reuter, Jonathan
作者单位：University of Oregon; Boston College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We use administrative data from Oregon's Public Employees Retirement System (PERS) to study the effect of pension design on employer costs and employee retirement-timing decisions. During our 1990-2003 sample period, PERS calculates each member's retirement benefit using up to three different formulas (defined benefit (DB), defined contribution (DC), and a combination of DB and DC), and PERS pays the maximum benefit for which the member is eligible. We show that this maximum benefit calculatio...
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作者：Castillo, Marco; Petrie, Ragan; Wardell, Clarence
作者单位：George Mason University
摘要：Two main reasons why people donate to charity are that they have been asked and asked by someone they care about. One would therefore expect that charitable organizations could benefit from peer-to-peer fundraising if they were able to persuade donors to do so for them. However, little is known on the costs and benefits of asking donors to fundraise. We investigate this by implementing a field experiment embedded in an online giving organization's web page. In our experiment, donors who have c...
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作者：Dettling, Lisa J.; Kearney, Melissa S.
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This project investigates how changes in Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)-level house prices affect household fertility decisions. Recognizing that housing is a major cost associated with child rearing, and assuming that children are normal goods, we hypothesize that an increase in house prices will have a negative price effect on current period fertility. This applies to both potential first-time homeowners and current homeowners who might upgrade to a bigger house with the addition of a c...
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作者：Bharadwaj, Prashant; Johnsen, Julian V.; Loken, Katrine V.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Bergen
摘要：An important externality of smoking is the harm it might cause to those who do not smoke. This paper examines the impact on birth outcomes of children of female workers who are affected by smoking bans in the workplace. Analyzing a 2004 law change in Norway that extended smoking restrictions to bars and restaurants, we find that children of female workers in restaurants and bars born after the law change saw significantly lower rates of being born below the very low birth weight (VLBW) thresho...
