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作者：Gross, Daniel P.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Though fundamental to innovation and essential to many industries and occupations, individual creativity has received limited attention as an economic behavior and has historically proven difficult to study. This paper studies the incentive effects of competition on individuals' creative production. Using a sample of commercial logo design competitions and a novel, content-based measure of originality, I find that intensifying competition induces agents to produce original, untested ideas over...
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作者：Knepper, Matthew
摘要：Conventional wisdom suggests that labor unions raise worker wages, while the newer empirical literature finds only negligible earnings effects. I reconcile this apparent contradiction by arguing that collective bargaining targets fringe benefits. Using U.S. firm-level data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) Multinational Enterprise Survey and Compustat, I exploit a regression discontinuity in majority rule union elections to compare changes in employee compensation at firms whose estab...
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作者：Ridley, David B.; Lee, Chung-Ying
作者单位：Duke University; National Taiwan University
摘要：Medicare reimburses health care providers for the drugs they administer. Since 2005, it has reimbursed based on the past price of the drug. Reimbursement on past prices could motivate manufacturers to set higher launch prices because providers become less sensitive to price and because provider reimbursement is higher if past prices were higher. Using data on drug launch prices between 1999 and 2010, we estimate that reimbursement based on past prices caused launch prices to rise dramatically....
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作者：Novy, Dennis; Taylor, Alan M.
作者单位：University of Warwick; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We offer a new explanation as to why international trade is so volatile in response to economic shocks. Our approach combines the idea of uncertainty shocks with international trade. Firms order inputs from home and foreign suppliers. In response to an uncertainty shock firms disproportionately cut orders of foreign inputs due to higher fixed costs. In the aggregate, this leads to a bigger contraction in international trade flows than in domestic activity, a magnification effect. We confront t...
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作者：Muris, Chris
作者单位：University of Bristol
摘要：In the standard missing data model, data are either complete or completely missing. However, applied researchers face situations with an arbitrary number of strata of incompleteness. Examples include unbalanced panels and instrumental variables settings where some observations are missing some instruments. I propose a model for settings where observations may be incomplete, with an arbitrary number of strata of incompleteness. I derive a set of moment conditions that generalizes those in Graha...
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作者：Kumler, Todd; Verhoogen, Eric; Frias, Judith
作者单位：Cornerstone Research; Columbia University
摘要：Comparing two sources of wage data in Mexico-firms' reports to the social security agency and individuals' responses to a household survey-we document extensive underreporting of wages by formal firms, with compliance better in larger firms. We also present evidence that the 1997 Mexican pension reform, which tied pension benefits more closely to reported wages for younger workers, led to a relative decline in underreporting for younger age groups. The results suggest that giving employees inc...
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作者：Adhvaryu, Achyuta; Kala, Namrata; Nyshadham, Anant
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Boston College
摘要：We study the adoption of energy-efficient LED lighting in garment factories around Bangalore, India. Combining daily production line-level data with weather data, we estimate a negative, nonlinear productivity-temperature gradient. We find that LED lighting raises productivity on hot days. Using the firm's costs data, we estimate that the payback period for LED adoption is less than one-third the length after accounting for productivity co-benefits. The average factory in our data gains about ...
