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作者：Carricaburu, Etta; Benner, Orion; Burlingham, Scott R.; Passos, Carolina Dos Santos; Hobaugh, Natalia; Karr, Charles H.; Chanda, Soham
作者单位：Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; University of Chicago; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
摘要：Synapses containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) constitute the primary centers for inhibitory neurotransmission in our nervous system. It is unclear how these synaptic structures form and align their postsynaptic machineries with presynaptic terminals. Here, we monitored the cellular distribution of several GABAergic postsynaptic proteins in a purely glutamatergic neuronal culture derived from human stem cells, which virtually lacks any vesicular GABA release. We found that several GABAA re...
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作者：Ghasemian, Amir; Christakis, Nicholas A.
作者单位：Yale University
摘要：Negative or antagonistic relationships are common in human social networks, but they are less often studied than positive or friendly relationships. The existence of a capacity to have and to track antagonistic ties raises the possibility that they may serve a useful function in human groups. Here, we analyze empirical data gathered from 24,770 and 22,513 individuals in 176 rural villages in Honduras in two survey waves 2.5 y apart in order to evaluate the possible relevance of antagonistic re...
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作者：Jouault, Corentin; Condamine, Fabien L.; Legendre, Frederic; Perrichot, Vincent
作者单位：Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
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作者：Chen, Xiumin; Cai, Qixu; Zhou, Jing; Pleasure, Samuel J.; Schulman, Howard; Zhang, Mingjie; Nicoll, Roger A.
作者单位：Soochow University - China; Soochow University - China; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Xiamen University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Stanford University; Southern University of Science & Technology
摘要：Ca 2+ /calmodulin (CaM) - dependent kinase II (CaMKII) plays a critical role in long - term potentiation (LTP), a well - established model for learning and memory through the enhancement of synaptic transmission. Biochemical studies indicate that CaMKII catalyzes a phosphotransferase (kinase) reaction of both itself (autophosphorylation) and of multiple downstream target proteins. However, whether either type of phosphorylation plays any role in the synaptic enhancing action of CaMKII remains ...
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作者：Hu, Zi-Liang; Wilson-Sanchez, David; Bhatia, Neha; Rast-Somssich, Madlen I.; Wu, Anhui; Vlad, Daniela; McGuire, Liam; Nikolov, Lachezar A.; Laufs, Patrick; Gan, Xiangchao; Laurent, Stefan; Runions, Adam; Tsiantis, Miltos
作者单位：Max Planck Society; Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; AgroParisTech; University of Calgary; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; University of Oxford; University of London; King's College London; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Nanjing Agricultural University; BioNTech SE
摘要：How tissue - level information encoded by fields of regulatory gene activity is translated into the patterns of cell polarity and growth that generate the diverse shapes of different species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this problem in the case of leaf shape differences between Arabidopsis thaliana , which has simple leaves, and its relative Cardamine hirsuta that has complex leaves divided into leaflets. We show that patterned expression of the transcription factor CUP - SH...
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作者：Yermakovich, Danat; Andre, Mathilde; Brucato, Nicolas; Kariwiga, Jason; Leavesley, Matthew; Pankratov, Vasili; Mondal, Mayukh; Ricaut, Francois Xavier; Dannemann, Michael
作者单位：University of Tartu; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of Papua New Guinea; University of Queensland; James Cook University; James Cook University; University of Kiel
摘要：Neandertals and Denisovans, having inhabited distinct regions in Eurasia and possibly Oceania for over 200,000 y, experienced ample time to adapt to diverse environmental challenges these regions presented. Among present - day human populations, Papua New Guineans (PNG) stand out as one of the few carrying substantial amounts of both Neandertal and Denisovan DNA, a result of past admixture events with these archaic human groups. This study investigates the distribution of introgressed Denisova...
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作者：Romero, Ismael Torres; Zhang, Hongrui; Wijker, Reto S.; Clark, Alexander J.; McLeod, Rachel E.; Jaggi, Madalina; Stoll, Heather M.
作者单位：Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
摘要：Hydrogen isotope ratios (delta H-2) represent an important natural tracer of metabolic processes, but quantitative models of processes controlling H-fractionation in aquatic photosynthetic organisms are lacking. Here, we elucidate the underlying physiological controls of H-2/H-1 fractionation in algal lipids by systematically manipulating temperature, light, and CO2(aq) in continuous cultures of the haptophyte Gephyrocapsa oceanica. We analyze the hydrogen isotope fractionation in alkenones (a...
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作者：Schultz, Sarah K.; Katanski, Christopher D.; Halucha, Mateusz; Pena, Noah; Fahlman, Richard P.; Pan, Tao; Kothe, Ute
作者单位：University of Manitoba; University of Lethbridge; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Alberta
摘要：Almost all elongator tRNAs (Transfer RNAs) harbor 5 - methyluridine 54 and pseudouridine 55 in the T arm, generated by the enzymes TrmA and TruB, respectively, in Escherichia coli. TrmA and TruB both act as tRNA chaperones, and strains lacking trmA or truB are outcompeted by wild type. Here, we investigate how TrmA and TruB contribute to cellular fitness. Deletion of trmA and truB in E. coli causes a global decrease in aminoacylation and alters other tRNA modifications such as acp 3 U47. While...
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作者：Tortorice, Daniel; Rappuoli, Rino; Bloom, David E.
作者单位：College of the Holy Cross; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
摘要：In response to the COVID- 19 pandemic, governments directly funded vaccine research and development (R&D), quickly leading to multiple effective vaccines and resulting in enormous health and economic benefits to society. We develop a simple economic model showing this feat could potentially be repeated for other health challenges. Based on inputs from the economic and medical literatures, the model yields estimates of optimal R&D spending on treatments and vaccines for known diseases. Taking a...
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作者：Aldeias, Vera; Stahlschmidt, Mareike C.
作者单位：Universidade do Algarve; University of Vienna; University of Vienna
