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作者：Crema, Enrico R.; Fochesato, Mattia; Ramon, Andres G. Mejia; Munson, Jessica; Ortman, Scott G.
作者单位：University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Bocconi University; Bocconi University; Bocconi University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University; Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
摘要：The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure commonly used to characterize distributions of socioeconomic quantities. Archaeologists and social scientists have recently adopted this method to analyze ancient inequality by targeting specific proxy variables (e.g., residential unit size, burial data, etc.). Variations in the Gini are then examined in relation to key factors such as time, geography, and subsistence. Yet, Gini coefficients could be obtained across different scales of aggregation,...
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作者：Erickson, Andrea K.; Sutherland, Danica M.; Welsh, Olivia L.; Maples, Robert W.; Dermody, Terence S.; Pfeiffer, Julie K.
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
摘要：Many enteric viruses benefit from the microbiota. In mice, microbiota depletion reduces infection by noroviruses and picornaviruses. However, Reovirales viruses are outliers among enteric viruses. Rotavirus infection is inhibited by bacteria, and we determined that several reovirus strains have enhanced replication following microbiota depletion. Here, we focused on an isogenic pair of reoviruses that have opposing infection outcomes after microbiota depletion. Microbiota depletion reduces inf...
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作者：Mitchell, Alyssa H.; Lieberman, Tami D.
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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作者：Jones, Christopher P.; Ferre-D'Amare, Adrian R.
作者单位：National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
摘要：A hallmark of retrovirus replication is the translation of two different polyproteins from one RNA through programmed-1 frameshifting. This is a mechanism in which the actively translating ribosome is induced to slip in the 5 ' direction at a defined codon and then continues translating in the new reading frame. Programmed frameshifting controls the stoichiometry of viral proteins and is therefore under stringent evolutionary selection. Forty years ago, the first frameshifting stimulatory elem...
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作者：Eshel, Gidon; Flamholz, Avi I.; Shepon, Alon Alon; Milo, Ron
作者单位：Rockefeller University; Tel Aviv University; Weizmann Institute of Science
摘要：The high resource intensity of industrial beef in high- income economies has prompted growing interest in alternative, potentially lower environmental impact beef production pathways. Of those, grass feeding is promoted by some as one such alternative, but rigorous quantification of this claim is required. Motivated to bridge this knowledge gap, we integrate empirical evidence with a model based on authoritative equations governing beef cattle performance to quantify the greenhouse gas emissio...
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作者：Utzschneider, Clothilde; Suresh, Bhagyanath; Sciortino, Alfredo; Gaillard, Jeremie; Schaeffer, Alexandre; Pattanayak, Sudipta; Joanny, Jean-Francois; Blanchoin, Laurent; Thery, Manuel
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作者：Yamamoto, Ryosuke; Sahashi, Yui; Shimo-Kon, Rieko; Sakato-Antoku, Miho; Suzuki, Miyuka; Luo, Leo; Tanaka, Hideaki; Ishikawa, Takashi; Yagi, Toshiki; King, Stephen M.; Kurisu, Genji; Kon, Takahide
作者单位：University of Osaka; University of Connecticut; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Osaka; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; University of Osaka
摘要：Motile cilia are organelles found on many eukaryotic cells that play critical roles in development and fertility. Human CFAP298 has been implicated in the transport/assembly of ciliary dyneins, and defects in this protein cause primary ciliary dyskinesia. However, neither the exact function nor the structure of CFAP298 have been elucidated. Here, we took advantage of Chlamydomonas, a ciliated alga, to study the structure and function of FBB18, an ortholog of CFAP298. Multiple ciliary dyneins w...
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作者：Yu, Sun - Min; Granick, Steve
作者单位：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
摘要：Epithelial cells (human keratinocyte cells and the canine MDCK cell line), traditionally viewed as electrically non-self-excitable and involved primarily in physiological functions such as barrier presentation, absorption, secretion, and protection, are shown here to exhibit traveling extracellular electric charge when they recover from spatially focused, laser-induced wounding of confluent monolayers cultured on a multielectrode array chip. Voltage spikes measured on these electrodes display ...
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作者：Zhang, Fei; Xu, Ling-Dong; Wu, Shiying; Wu, Qirou; Wang, Ailian; Liu, Shengduo; Zhang, Qian; Yu, Xinyuan; Wang, Bin; Pan, Yinghao; Huang, Fei; Neculai, Dante; Xia, Bing; Feng, Xin-Hua; Shen, Li; Zhang, Qi; Liang, Tingbo; Huang, Yao-Wei; Xu, Pinglong
作者单位：Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang Gongshang University; South China Agricultural University; South China Agricultural University; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture; Zhejiang University; Westlake University; Zhejiang University
摘要：Chronic infections with hepatitis E virus (HEV), especially those of genotype 3 (G3), frequently lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients. However, the causation and mechanism of liver fibrosis triggered by chronic HEV infection remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the viral multiple-domain replicase (ORF1) undergoes unique ubiquitin-proteasomal processing leading to formation of the HEV-Derived SMAD Activator (HDSA), a viral polypeptide lacking putative helicase and RNA polym...
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作者：Hart, Rowan; Moran, Nancy A.; Ochman, Howard
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Chicago; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：Nucleotide sequence data are being harnessed to identify species, even in cases in which organisms themselves are neither in hand nor witnessed. But how genome-wide sequence divergence maps to species status is far from clear. While gene sequence divergence is commonly used to delineate bacterial species, its correspondence to established species boundaries has yet to be explored across eukaryotic taxa. Because the processes underlying gene flow differ fundamentally between prokaryotes and euk...
