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作者：Stroud, James T.; Ratcliff, William C.
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
摘要：From experimental evolution in the laboratory to sustained measurements of natural selection in the wild, long-term studies have revolutionized our understanding of evolution. By directly investigating evolutionary dynamics in real time, these approaches have provided unparallelled insights into the complex interplay between evolutionary process and pattern. These approaches can reveal oscillations, stochastic fluctuations and systematic trends that unfold over extended periods, expose critica...
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作者：Yuksekgonul, Mert; Bianchi, Federico; Boen, Joseph; Liu, Sheng; Lu, Pan; Huang, Zhi; Guestrin, Carlos; Zou, James
作者单位：Stanford University; Stanford University; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI)
摘要：Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly driven by systems orchestrating multiple large language models (LLMs) and other specialized tools, such as search engines and simulators. So far, these systems are primarily handcrafted by domain experts and tweaked through heuristics rather than being automatically optimized, presenting a substantial challenge to accelerating progress. The development of artificial neural networks faced a similar challenge until backpropaga...
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作者：Begueria, Santiago
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作者：Castelvecchi, Davide
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作者：Gruss, Peter
作者单位：Max Planck Society
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作者：Zeng, Ziqiang; Xu, Jiuping
作者单位：Sichuan University
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作者：Oger, Cedric; Bouuaert, Corentin Claeys
作者单位：Universite Catholique Louvain
摘要：SPO11 initiates meiotic recombination through the induction of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)1,2, but this catalytic activity has never been reconstituted in vitro3,4. Here, using Mus musculus SPO11, we report a biochemical system that recapitulates all the hallmarks of meiotic DSB formation. We show that SPO11 catalyses break formation in the absence of any partners and remains covalently attached to the 5 ' broken strands. We find that target site selection by SPO11 is influenced...
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作者：Tadross, John A.; Steuernagel, Lukas; Dowsett, Georgina K. C.; Kentistou, Katherine A.; Lundh, Sofia; Porniece, Marta; Klemm, Paul; Rainbow, Kara; Hvid, Henning; Kania, Katarzyna; Polex-Wolf, Joseph; Knudsen, Lotte Bjerre; Pyke, Charles; Perry, John R. B.; Lam, Brian Y. H.; Bruening, Jens C.; Yeo, Giles S. H.
作者单位：University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Medical Research Council UK (MRC); University of Cambridge; Cancer Research UK; CRUK Cambridge Institute; University of Cologne; University of Cologne; University of Cologne; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
摘要：The hypothalamus is a brain region that plays a key role in coordinating fundamental biological functions1. However, our understanding of the underlying cellular components and neurocircuitries have, until recently, emerged primarily from rodent studies2,3. Here we combine single-nucleus sequencing of 433,369 human hypothalamic cells with spatial transcriptomics, generating a comprehensive spatio-cellular transcriptional map of the hypothalamus, the 'HYPOMAP'. Although conservation of neuronal...
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作者：Garisto, Dan
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作者：Lowet, Adam S.; Zheng, Qiao; Meng, Melissa; Matias, Sara; Drugowitsch, Jan; Uchida, Naoshige
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
摘要：Machine learning research has achieved large performance gains on a wide range of tasks by expanding the learning target from mean rewards to entire probability distributions of rewards-an approach known as distributional reinforcement learning (RL)1. The mesolimbic dopamine system is thought to underlie RL in the mammalian brain by updating a representation of mean value in the striatum2, but little is known about whether, where and how neurons in this circuit encode information about higher-...
