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作者:LINDSLEY, DH; BRASS, DJ; THOMAS, JB
作者单位:Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force
摘要:This article explores the possibility of efficacy-perfonnance spirals in individuals, groups. and organizations. Spirals are deviation-amplifying loops in which the positive, cyclic relationship between perceived efficacy and performance builds upon itself. Collective efficacy is defined, and upward and downward spirals am considered. Evidence from multiple levels of analysis Is presented, and factors affecting the occurrence, continuation, and stopping of spirals am proposed. In addition, we ...
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作者:SAGIE, A
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作者:CAPPELLI, P
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作者:KING, A
摘要:Increasingly ecologists have recognized the importance of sudden and unexpected changes in the natural environment-often called ''surprises.'' Organizational scholars have not developed a theory of how to avoid ecological surprise. This article suggests one way to develop such a theory. Using ecology, systems analysis. and a historical comparison of four communities, the article concludes that organizing and managing natural resources in part as community property can play a central role in av...
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作者:STUBBART, C; TERRY, M
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作者:DONALDSON, T; PRESTON, LE
作者单位:University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要:The stakeholder theory has been advanced and justified in the management literature on the basis of its descriptive accuracy, instrumental power, and normative validity. These three aspects of the theory, although interrelated, are quite distinct; they involve different types of evidence and argument and have different implications. In this article, we examine these three aspects of the theory and critique and integrate important contributions to the literature related to each. We conclude tha...
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作者:SCHWARTZ, HS
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作者:MAYER, RC; DAVIS, JH; SCHOORMAN, FD
作者单位:Purdue University System; Purdue University
摘要:Scholars in various disciplines have considered the causes, nature, and effects of trust. Prior approaches to studying trust are considered, including characteristics of the truster, the trustee, and the role of risk. A definition of trust and ct model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs. Several research propositions based on the model are presented.
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作者:LATACK, JC; KINICKI, AJ; PRUSSIA, GE
作者单位:University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Seattle University
摘要:Although the stress of involuntary job loss is well documented, the process through which people cope and ultimately adapt following this stressful event needs clarification. This article provides a crucial next step by introducing new theory to explain how people cope with job loss. The process model developed in this article incorporates constructs from coping theory, control theory. and self-efficacy. Future research strategies are suggested regarding coping effectiveness and reciprocal cau...
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作者:MORAND, DA
摘要:Modes of social activity in organizations are frequently described using the terms formal and informal. Behavioral and situational informality, in the sense of this article. entails ''loose,'' spontaneous. more casual social intercourse and comportment. Formality, in contrast. designates ''tighter.'' more deliberate, impersonal modes of conduct. as well as settings that occasion such conduct. This article outlines a number of specific behavioral and contextual codes of formality and informalit...