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作者：Alan, Sule; Ertac, Seda
作者单位：University of Essex; Ihsan Dogramaci Bilkent University; Koc University
摘要：We evaluate the impact on competitiveness of a randomized educational intervention that aims to foster grit, a skill that is highly predictive of achievement. The intervention is implemented in elementary schools, and we measure its impact using a dynamic competition task with interim performance feedback. We find that when children are exposed to a worldview that emphasizes the role of effort in achievement and encourages perseverance, the gender gap in the willingness to compete disappears. ...
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作者：Hansman, Christopher; Hjort, Jonas; Leon, Gianmarco
作者单位：Imperial College London; Columbia University; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics
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作者：Charness, Gary; Grieco, Daniela
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Bocconi University
摘要：Creativity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon with tremendous economic importance. Acrucial question for economists and for firms is the interplay of incentives and creativity. We present experiments where subjects face creativity tasks where, in one case, ex ante goals and constraints are imposed on their answers (closed tasks), and in the other case no restrictions apply (open tasks). The effect of tournament incentives on creativity is then tested. Our experimental findings provid...
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作者：Heblich, Stephan; Trew, Alex
作者单位：University of Bristol; University of St Andrews
摘要：We establish a causal role for banking access in the spread of the Industrial Revolution over the period 1817-1881 by exploiting unique employment data from 10,528 parishes across England and Wales and a novel instrument. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in 1817 finance employment increases annualized industrial employment growth by 0.93 percentage points. We establish the role of structural transformation as an underlying growth mechanism and show that banking access: (i) in...
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作者：Bruhin, Adrian; Fehr, Ernst; Schunk, Daniel
作者单位：University of Lausanne; University of Zurich; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
摘要：We uncover heterogeneity in social preferences with a structural model that accounts for outcome-based and reciprocity-based social preferences and assigns individuals to endogenously determined preferences types. We find that neither at the aggregate level nor when we allow for several distinct preference types do purely selfish types emerge, suggesting that other-regarding preferences are the rule and not the exception. There are three temporally stable other-regarding types. When ahead, all...
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作者：Bell, Alex; Chetty, Raj; Jaravel, Xavier; Petkova, Neviana; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：Harvard University; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; United States Department of the Treasury; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：Many countries provide financial incentives to spur innovation, ranging from tax incentives to research and development grants. In this paper, we study how such financial incentives affect individuals' decisions to pursue careers in innovation. We first present empirical evidence on inventors' career trajectories and income distributions using deidentified data on 1.2 million inventors from patent records linked to tax records in the United States. We find that the private returns to innovatio...
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作者：Hobijn, Bart; Nechio, Fernanda
作者单位：Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - San Francisco
摘要：We estimate the upper-level elasticity of substitution between goods and services of a nested aggregate CES preference specification. We show how this elasticity can be derived from the long-run response of the relative price of a good to a change in its VAT rate. We estimate this elasticity using new data on changes in VAT rates across 74 goods and services for 25 European Union countries from 1996 through 2015. Depending on the level of aggregation, we find a VAT pass-through rate between 0....
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作者：Surico, Paolo; Trezzi, Riccardo
作者单位：University of London; London Business School; Federal Reserve System - USA; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
摘要：A sudden and temporary change to the Italian property tax system in 2011 generated significant variation in the amount of taxes paid across home-owners. Using new questions appositely added to the Survey on Household Income and Wealth, we exploit this cross-sectional variation to provide an unprecedented analysis of the consumption effects of a tax on housing wealth. A tax hike on the main dwelling leads to large expenditure cuts among mortgagors, who hold low liquid wealth despite owning siza...
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作者：Galeotti, Fabio; Montero, Maria; Poulsen, Anders
作者单位：University of Nottingham; University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia
摘要：We consider how the outcome of bargaining varies with changes in the trade-off between equality, efficiency, and total-earnings maximization. We observe that subjects avoid an equal-earning outcome if it is Pareto inefficient; a large proportion of bargaining pairs avoids an equal and Pareto efficient outcome in favor of one giving unequal and total-earnings maximizing payoffs, and this proportion increases when unequal outcomes imply larger earnings to one of the players, even though this als...
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作者：Anufriev, Mikhail; Hommes, Cars; Makarewicz, Tomasz
作者单位：University of Technology Sydney; University of Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute; Otto Friedrich University Bamberg
摘要：In this paper we address the question of how individuals form expectations and invent, reinforce, and update their forecasting rules in a complex world. We do so by fitting a novel, parsimonious, and empirically validated genetic algorithm learning model with explicit heterogeneity in expectations to a set of laboratory experiments. Agents use simple linear first order price forecasting rules, adapting them to the complex evolving market environment with a Genetic Algorithm optimization proced...
