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作者：Flynn, Patrick; Smith, Tucker
作者单位：Vanderbilt University
摘要：The Clean Water Act (CWA) funded $167 billion (2020$) in grants to municipal governments for wastewater treatment upgrades. We leverage variation in the timing of grant receipt with a difference-indifferences design to estimate the effect of CWA grants on local spending. On average, each dollar of grant revenue caused a $0.45 increase in sewerage capital spending. Dividing previously estimated benefit-tocost ratios of CWA grants by this estimate suggests that each CWA grant dollar that municip...
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作者：Brunner, Eric; Hoen, Ben; Hyman, Joshua
作者单位：University of Connecticut; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Amherst College
摘要：We examine the impact of wind energy installation on school district finances and student achievement using data on the timing, location, and capacity of the universe of U.S. installations from 1995 through 2016. Wind energy installation substantially increased district revenues, causing large increases in capital outlays, but only modest increases in current spending, and little to no change in class sizes or teacher salaries. We find zero impact on student test scores. Using administrative d...
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作者：Wernsdorf, Kathrin; Nagler, Markus; Watzinger, Martin
作者单位：University of Munich; University of Munich; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Munster
摘要：Does access to technologies that reduce information and communication costs increase innovation? We examine this question by exploiting the staggered adoption of BITNET across U.S. universities in the 1980s. BITNET, an early version of the Internet, enabled e-mail-based knowledge exchange and collaboration among academics. After the adoption of BITNET, university-connected inventors increase patenting substantially. The effects are driven by collaborative patents by new inventor teams. The pat...
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作者：Morrow, Peter; Smart, Michael; Swistak, Artur
作者单位：University of Toronto; International Monetary Fund
摘要：We develop a simple model of value added tax (VAT) compliance, and estimate it using widely available national accounts data to learn about compliance in countries where little is currently known. International border controls improve VAT compliance, generating a correlation between imports and aggregate VAT revenues that is informative about domestic non-compliance. We estimate nearly 30 percent of domestic value added escapes taxation through non-compliance for the average country in our sam...
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作者：Adachi, Takanori; Fabinger, Michal
作者单位：Kyoto University; Kyoto University; University of Tokyo
摘要：This paper provides a comprehensive framework to study welfare effects of multiple policy interventions and other external changes under imperfect competition with emphasis on specific and ad valorem taxation as a leading case. Specifically, in relation to tax pass-through, we provide sufficient statistics formulas for two welfare measures under a fairly general class of demand, production cost, and market competition. The measures are (i) marginal value of public funds (i.e., the marginal cha...
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作者：Organ, Paul R.; Ruda, Alex; Slemrod, Joel; Turk, Alex
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：Traditional penalties for tax noncompliance are financial, but many jurisdictions now also use nonmonetary tools, including collateral sanctions that deny access to some government-provided service. To learn about the effectiveness of one such penalty, we examine a recent U.S. policy restricting passport access for taxpayers with substantial tax debt, known as certification. We take advantage of a field experiment during the policy rollout, and find small but positive effects on taxpayer compl...
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作者：Koeniger, Winfried; Zanella, Carlo
作者单位：University of St Gallen; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We analyze how intergenerational mobility and inequality would change relative to the status quo if dynasties had access to optimal insurance against low ability of future generations. Based on a dynamic, dynastic Mirrleesian model, we find that insurance against intergenerational ability risk increases in the social optimum relative to the status quo. This implies less intergenerational mobility in terms of welfare but no quantitatively significant change in earnings mobility. Earnings mobili...
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作者：Lee, Jongkwan; Peri, Giovanni; Yasenov, Vasil
作者单位：Ewha Womans University; University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research; Stanford University
摘要：We examine the consequences of a significant return-migration episode, during which at least 400,000 Mexicans returned to Mexico between 1929 and 1934, on U.S. workers' labor market outcomes. To iden-tify a causal effect, we instrument the county-level drop in Mexican population with the size of the Mexican communities in 1910 and its interaction with proxies of repatriation costs. Using individual-level linked Census data from 1930-1940, we find that Mexican repatriations resulted in reduced ...
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作者：Braganca, Arthur; Dahis, Ricardo
作者单位：The World Bank; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro
摘要：Government policies may impact economic outcomes directly but also indirectly through effects on political incentives. This paper examines the effects of the PPCDAm - a centralized set of environmental policies that effectively raised the expected cost of illegal deforestation - on the behavior of a powerful special-interest group operating in the Brazilian Amazon: farmers. Using different identification strate-gies, we document that municipalities governed by farmer politicians experienced la...
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作者：Bruhn, Jesse; Imberman, Scott; Winters, Marcus
作者单位：Brown University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Michigan State University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Boston University
摘要：We study personnel flexibility in charter schools by exploring how teacher retention varies with teacher quality in Massachusetts. We propose a model in which educators with high fixed-costs use charter schools to explore teaching careers before obtaining licenses required for higher paying public sector jobs. A key implication of the theoretical model is that charter schools create positive externalities for tra-ditional public schools by increasing the average quality of available teacher la...
