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作者：Lazear, EP
作者单位：Stanford University
摘要：The theory below is that entrepreneurs must be jacks-of-all-trades who need not excel in any one skill but are competent in many. A model of the choice to become an entrepreneur is presented. The primary implication is that individuals with balanced skills are more likely than others to become entrepreneurs. Using data on Stanford alumni, the predictions are tested and found to hold. Those who have varied work and educational backgrounds are much more likely to start their own businesses than ...
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作者：Kaushal, N
作者单位：Columbia University
摘要：The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act denied legal noncitizens who arrived in the United States after August 1996 access to means-tested federal benefits for the first 5 years. However, using state funds, a number of states restored some of the benefits. I use this state-level policy variation to study whether newly arrived immigrants make location decisions on the basis of benefit eligibility and generosity. I find that safety-net programs have little effect on t...
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作者：Ichino, A; Winter-Ebmer, R
作者单位：Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：An important component of the long-run cost of a war is the loss of human capital suffered by school-age children who receive less education. Austrian and German individuals who were 10 years old during the conflict, or were more directly involved through their parents, received less education than comparable individuals from nonwar countries, such as Switzerland and Sweden. We also show that these individuals experienced a sizable earnings loss some 40 years after the war, which can be attrib...
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作者：Courty, P; Marschke, G
作者单位：University of London; London Business School; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
摘要：This article studies a particular kind of gaming responses to explicit incentives in a large government organization. The gaming responses we consider occur when agents strategically report their performance outcomes to maximize their awards. An important contribution of this work is to examine whether this behavior diverts resources (e.g., agents' time) from productive activities or whether it simply reflects an accounting phenomenon. We evaluate the efficiency impact of the behavior we ident...
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作者：Aaronson, D; French, E
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago
摘要：This article identifies the part-time wage effect, using hours variation caused by the social security rules. We show that work hours and wages drop sharply at ages 62 and 65. We argue that the hours decline causes the wage decline, resulting in a 25% wage penalty for men who cut their work week from 40 to 20 hours. However, we find little evidence for such an effect among women. We also show that models that fail to account for the joint determination of hours and wages will understate the la...
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作者：Leuven, E; Oosterbeek, H
作者单位：University of Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute
摘要：Dutch employers can claim an extra tax deduction when they train employees older than age 40. This discontinuity in a firm's training cost is exploited to identify the tax deduction's effects on training participation and of training participation on wages. The results show that the training rate of workers just above age 40 is 15%-20% higher than that of workers just below age 40. This difference mainly results from the postponement of training and is not a stimulating effect of the measure. ...
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作者：Hirsch, BT; Schumacher, EJ
作者单位：Trinity University; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：About 30% of workers in the Current Population Survey have earnings imputed. Wage gap estimates are biased toward zero when the attribute being studied (e. g., union status) is not a criterion used to match donors to nonrespondents. An expression for match bias is derived in which attenuation equals the sum of match error rates. Attenuation can be approximated by the proportion with imputed earnings. Union wage gap estimates with match bias removed are presented for 1973-2001. Estimates for re...
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作者：Levy, A; Vukina, T
作者单位：North Carolina State University
摘要：We compare welfare effects of tournaments and piece rates in contracts with heterogeneous ability agents and demonstrate that tournaments that mix players of unequal abilities create a league composition effect. When leagues are fixed and the time horizon sufficiently long, piece rates improve welfare over tournaments. Using contract production data for broiler chickens, we estimate the variances of growers' abilities, common production shock, and grower's idiosyncratic shock. Growers' abiliti...
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作者：Light, A; Omori, Y
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Otaru University of Commerce
摘要：We investigate an unexplored avenue through which unemployment insurance increases unemployment. As unemployment insurance benefits rise, workers lose incentive to preempt impending layoffs by changing jobs. We formalize this prediction in a job search model and investigate it empirically by estimating a proportional hazard model with data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, using state- and year-specific algorithms to compute each worker's expected unemployment insurance bene...
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作者：Mengistae, T; Xu, LXC
作者单位：The World Bank; Peking University
摘要：This article examines the extent to which agency theory may explain chief executive officer (CEO) compensation in Chinese state-owned enterprises during the 1980s. We find support for the agency theory: CEO pay sensitivity decreases with the variance of performance. Moreover, the performance sensitivity of CEO pay increases with the marginal return to executive action. While the elasticity of pay to sales is slightly smaller than that found for conventional firms in the West generally, our est...
