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作者：Babina, Tania; Howell, Sabrina T.
作者单位：Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; New York University
摘要：This paper offers the first study of how changes in corporate R&D investment affect labor mobility. We show that increases in R&D spur employee departures to join start-ups' founding teams. This appears to reflect employees taking the ideas, skills, or technologies created through the R&D process but not especially valuable to the R&D-investing firm to start-ups. The employee-founded start-ups tend to be outside the R&D-investing employer's industry, suggesting that the underlying ideas would ...
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作者：Drozd, Mark; Moffitt, Robert A.; Zhao, Xinyu
作者单位：Johns Hopkins University
摘要：The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major declines in employment of women. We provide projections of impacts of this reduction on less educated women's future human capital framed within the traditional Mincerian model. We find that wage losses one year out from 2020 are relatively modest on average, generally less than 1%, with the largest for married women without children in the home. But losses are greater for young married women, mothers with very young children, and those working in COVID-...
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作者：Hansen, Anne Toft; Hvidman, Ulrik; Sievertsen, Hans Henrik
作者单位：University of Bristol; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We identify the labor market returns to university grade point average (GPA) by leveraging a nationwide change in the scaling of grades in Danish universities. Our results show that a reform-induced increase in GPA that is unrelated to ability causes higher earnings immediately after graduation, but the effect fades in subsequent years. The effect at labor market entry is largest for individuals with fewer alternative signals. Although employers initially screen candidates on the basis of skil...
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作者：Card, David; Rothstein, Jesse; Yi, Moises
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：We revisit the estimation of industry wage differentials using linked employer-employee data. Cross-sectional industry differences overstate pay premiums due to unmeasured heterogeneity. Estimates based on models with person and industry effects understate true premiums: workers who switch to a higher-premium industry typically move from higher-paying firms in their origin industry to lower-paying firms in their destination (and vice versa). The corrected standard deviation of log wage effects...
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作者：Gazze, Ludovica; Persico, Claudia; Spirovska, Sandra
作者单位：University of Warwick; American University; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：Children exposed to pollutants like lead have lower academic achievement and are more likely to engage in risky behavior. However, little is known about whether lead-exposed children affect the long-run outcomes of their peers. We estimate these spillover effects using unique data on preschool blood lead levels (BLLs) matched to education data for all students in North Carolina public schools. We compare siblings whose school-grade cohorts differ in the proportion of children with elevated BLL...
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作者：Robinson, Sarah; Royer, Heather; Silver, David
作者单位：Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Claremont McKenna College; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：Analyzing data spanning three decades covering the near universe of births, we study county-level differences in C-section rates among first-time mothers of singleton births. Our research reveals persistent geographic variation in C-section rates for both low- and high-risk groups. Counties with elevated C-section rates consistently perform more C-sections across mothers at all levels of appropriateness for the procedure. These elevated rates of C-section in counties with high C-section rates ...
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作者：Bronson, Mary Ann; Mazzocco, Maurizio
作者单位：Georgetown University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：We document that the US marriage market is characterized by two systematic empirical patterns. First, there is a quantitatively large, strong, and persistent negative relationship between changes in cohort size and marriage rates of women. Second, the same negative correlation holds for men. We then establish the features a model should possess to generate these patterns. A standard matching model with search frictions is rejected by the data because it produces a negative relationship for wom...
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作者：Marie, Olivier; Castello, Judit Vall
作者单位：Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Barcelona; Pompeu Fabra University
摘要：We investigate the impact on work absences of a large reduction in paid sick leave benefits in Spain. Our results highlight substantial decreases in frequency (number of spells) mostly offset by increases in duration (length of spells). Overall, the policy did reduce the number of days lost to sick leave. For some, however, return to work was premature, as we document large increases in both the proportion of relapses and the number of working accidents. Displacement toward this unaffected ben...
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作者：Caetano, Gregorio; Maheshri, Vikram
作者单位：University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Houston System; University of Houston
摘要：From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of thes...
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作者：Iyigun, Murat; Lafortune, Jeanne
作者单位：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and...
