American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

最新文章

• Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration? AI翻译
  作者：Johnson, Janna E.; Kleiner, Morris M.
  作者单位：University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Minneapolis; National Bureau of Economic Research
  摘要：Occupational licensure may limit the interstate movement of workers because it adds to the cost of moving between states. We analyze the interstate migration of 22 licensed occupations, proxying for the difficulty of the regulations by comparing state-specific licensed occupations to those with national licensing exams. Our empirical strategy also uses individuals who move a long distance, removing the influence of occupation characteristics and self-selection of migration-averse individuals i...
• Tax Credits and Small Firm R&D Spending AI翻译
  作者：Agrawal, Ajay; Rosell, Carlos; Simcoe, Timothy
  作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research; Boston University
  摘要：In 2004, Canada changed the eligibility rules for its Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SRED) tax credit, which provides tax incentives for R&D conducted by small private firms. Difference-in-difference estimates show a 17 percent increase in total R&D among eligible firms. The impact was larger for firms that took the tax credits as refunds because they had no current tax liability. Contract R&D expenditures were more elastic than the R&D wage bill. The response was also great...
• Take Two! SAT Retaking and College Enrollment Gaps AI翻译
  作者：Goodman, Joshua; Gurantz, Oded; Smith, Jonathan
  作者单位：Harvard University; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University
  摘要：Only half of SAT-takers retake the exam, with even lower retake rates among low-income students and underrepresented minority (URM) students. We exploit discontinuous jumps in retake probabilities at multiples of 100, driven by left-digit bias, to estimate retaking's causal effects. Retaking substantially improves SAT scores and increases four-year college enrollment rates, particularly for low-income and URM students. Eliminating disparities in retake rates could close up to 10 percent of the...
• Unemployment Insurance and Means-Tested Program Interactions: Evidence from Administrative Data AI翻译
  作者：Leung, Pauline; O'leary, Christopher
  作者单位：Cornell University; W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
  摘要：We study the ways in which unemployment insurance (UI) benefits interact with other elements of the social safety net around job losses. We exploit a cutoff for UI eligibility, based on a workers' highest quarterly earnings in the past year, to generate quasi-experimental variation in UI receipt. We find that UI receipt cuts welfare (TANF) receipt by half among low-earning UI applicants but has no impact on SNAP or Medicaid usage. However, because welfare participation is low in this populatio...
• Hidden Baggage: Behavioral Responses to Changes in Airline Ticket Tax Disclosure AI翻译
  作者：Bradley, Sebastien; Feldman, Naomi E.
  作者单位：Drexel University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  摘要：We examine the impact of a January 2012 enforcement action by the US Department of Transportation that required US air carriers and online travel agents to modify their web interfaces to incorporate all ticket taxes in up-front, advertised fares. We show that the more prominent display of-tax-inclusive prices is associated with significant reductions in consumer tax incidence, demand, and ticket revenues along more-heavily taxed itineraries. In particular, the fraction of unit taxes that airli...
• Criminal Deterrence when There Are Offsetting Risks: Traffic Cameras. Vehicular Accidents. and Public Safety AI翻译
  作者：Gallagher, Justin; Fisher, Paul J.
  作者单位：Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of Arizona
  摘要：Numerous cities have enacted electronic monitoring programs at traffic intersections in an effort to reduce the high number of vehicle accidents. The rationale is that the higher expected fines for running a red light will induce drivers to stop and lead to fewer cross-road collisions. However, the cameras also incentivize drivers to accept a greater accident risk from stopping. We evaluate the termination of a monitoring program via a voter referendum using 12 years of geocoded police acciden...
• Price-Linked Subsidies and Imperfect Competition in Health Insurance AI翻译
  作者：Jaffe, Sonia; Shepard, Mark
  作者单位：Microsoft; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
  摘要：Policymakers subsidizing health insurance often face uncertainty about future market prices. We study the implications of one policy response: linking subsidies to prices to target a given postsubsidy premium. We show that these price-linked subsidies weaken competition, raising prices for the government and/or consumers. However, price-linking also ties subsidies to health care cost shocks, which may be desirable. Evaluating this tradeoff empirically, using a model estimated with Massachusett...
• Where Does Multinational Investment Go with Territorial Taxation? Evidence from the United Kingdom AI翻译
  作者：Liu, Li
  作者单位：International Monetary Fund
  摘要：In 2009, the United Kingdom changed from a worldwide to a territorial tax system, abolishing dividend taxes on foreign repatriation from many low-tax countries. This paper assesses the causal effect of territorial taxation on real investments, using a unique dataset for multinational affiliates in 27 European countries and employing the difference-in-differences approach. It finds that the territorial reform has increased the investment rate of UK multinationals by 16.7 percentage points in lo...
• Decompositions and Policy Consequences of an Extraordinary Decline in Air Pollution from Electricity Generation AI翻译
  作者：Holland, Stephen P.; Mansur, Erin T.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Yates, Andrew J.
  作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro; National Bureau of Economic Research; Dartmouth College; Carnegie Mellon University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
  摘要：Using integrated assessment models, we calculate the economic value of the extraordinary decline in emissions from US power plants. Annual local and global air pollution damages fell from $245 to $133 billion over 2010-2017. Decomposition shows changes in emission rates and generation shares among coal and gas plants account for more of this decline than changes in renewable generation, electricity consumption, and damage valuations. Econometrically estimated marginal damages declined in the E...
• Taxing Hidden Wealth: The Consequences of US Enforcement Initiatives on Evasive Foreign Accounts AI翻译
  作者：Johannesen, Niels; Langetieg, Patrick; Reck, Daniel; Risch, Max; Slemrod, Joel
  作者单位：University of Copenhagen; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Carnegie Mellon University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
  摘要：In 2008, the IRS initiated efforts to curb the use of offshore accounts to evade taxes. This paper uses administrative microdata to examine the impact of enforcement efforts on taxpayers' reporting of offshore accounts and income. We find that enforcement caused approximately 50,000 individuals to disclose offshore accounts with a combined value of about $100 billion. Most disclosures happened outside offshore voluntary disclosure programs by individuals who never admitted prior noncompliance....