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作者：Gerard, Francois; Gonzaga, Gustavo
作者单位：University of London; Queen Mary University London; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro
摘要：It is widely believed that the presence of a large informal sector increases the efficiency cost of social programs in developing countries. We evaluate such claims for the case of unemployment insurance (UI) by combining an optimal UI framework with comprehensive data from Brazil. Using quasi-experimental variation in potential UI duration, we find clear evidence for the usual moral hazard problem that UI reduces incentives to return to a formal job. Yet, the associated efficiency cost is low...
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作者：Fell, Harrison; Kaffine, Daniel T.; Novan, Kevin
作者单位：North Carolina State University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California Davis
摘要：We examine how transmission congestion alters the environmental benefits provided by renewable generation. Using hourly data from the Texas and midcontinent electricity markets, we find that relaxing transmission constraints between the wind-rich areas and the demand centers of the respective markets conservatively increases the nonmarket value of wind by 30 percent for Texas and 17 percent for midcontinent markets. Much of this increase in the nonmarket value arises from a redistribution in w...
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作者：Barwick, Panle Jia; Cao, Shengmao; Li, Shanjun
作者单位：Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Stanford University; Cornell University
摘要：This study documents the presence of local protectionism and quantifies its impacts on market competition and social welfare in the context of China's automobile market. A salient feature of China's auto market is that vehicle models by joint ventures and state-owned enterprises command much higher market shares in their headquarter provinces than at the national level. Through county border analysis, falsification tests, and a consumer survey, we uncover protectionist policies such as subsidi...
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作者：Gruber, Jonathan; Jensen, Amalie; Kleven, Henrik
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Copenhagen; Princeton University
摘要：Using a major reform that scaled back the mortgage interest deduction for middle- and high-income households in Denmark, we study how tax subsidies affect housing decisions. We present four main findings. First, the mortgage deduction has a precisely estimated zero effect on homeownership for high- and middle-income households. Second, the mortgage deduction has a clear effect on housing demand at the intensive margin, inducing homeowners to buy larger and more expensive houses. Third, the ded...
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作者：Mukherjee, Anita
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：This paper examines the impact of private prison contracting by exploiting staggered prison capacity shocks in Mississippi. Motivated by a model based on the typical private prison contract that pays a per diem for each occupied bed, the empirical analysis shows that private prison inmates serve 90 additional days. This is alternatively estimated as 4.8 percent of the average sentence. The delayed release erodes half of the cost savings offered by private contracting and is linked to the great...
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作者：Starc, Amanda; Swanson, Ashley
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Columbia University
摘要：Selective contracting is an increasingly popular tool for reducing health care costs, but any savings must be weighed against consumer surplus losses from restricted access. Recently, many prescription drug plans (PDPs) utilize preferred pharmacy networks to reduce drug prices. Our results suggest that Medicare Part D plans with preferred pharmacy networks pay lower retail drug prices, while subsidized enrollees' insensitivity to preferred pharmacy cost-sharing discounts reduces these savings....
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作者：Bergstrom, Katy; Dodds, William
作者单位：The World Bank; Tulane University
摘要：Using a general labor supply model in which individuals choose how much to work conditional on productivities and preferences for consumption relative to leisure, we show that the mapping from earnings and hours worked to productivities and preferences can be expressed entirely in terms of reduced-form labor supply elasticities. We investigate the roles that productivities and preferences play in driving income inequality in the United States. Benchmark labor supply elasticity estimates from t...
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作者：Chan, David C.
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：I study team decisions among physician trainees. Exploiting a discontinuity in team roles across trainee tenure, I find evidence that teams alter decision-making, concentrating influence in the hands of senior trainees. I also demonstrate little convergence in variation of trainee effects despite intensive training. This general pattern of trainee effects on team decision-making exists in all types of decisions and settings that I examine. In analyses evaluating mechanisms behind this pattern,...
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作者：Biasi, Barbara
作者单位：Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：Compensation of most US public school teachers is rigid and solely based on seniority. This paper studies the effects of a reform that gave school districts in Wisconsin full autonomy to redesign teacher pay schemes. Following the reform some districts switched to flexible compensation. Using the expiration of preexisting collective bargaining agreements as a source of exogenous variation in the timing of changes in pay, I show that the introduction of flexible pay raised salaries of high-qual...
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作者：Cullen, Julie Berry; Turner, Nicholas; Washington, Ebonya
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; Yale University
摘要：We ask whether attitudes toward government play a causal role in the evasion of US personal income taxes. As turnover elections move voters in partisan counties into and out of alignment with the party of the president, we find with alignment (i) taxpayers report more easily evaded forms of income; (ii) suspect EITC claims decrease; and (iii) audits triggered and audits found to owe additional tax decrease. Coupled with evidence that alignment leads to more favorable views on taxation and spen...
