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作者：Garbiras-Diaz, Natalia; Montenegro, Mateo
作者单位：European University Institute
摘要：Can information and communication technologies help citizens monitor their elections? We analyze a large-scale field experiment designed to answer this question in Colombia. We leveraged Facebook advertisements sent to over 4 million potential voters to encourage citizen reporting of electoral irregularities. We also cross-randomized whether candidates were informed about the campaign in a subset of municipalities. Total reports, and evidence-backed ones, experienced a large increase. Across a...
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作者：Aryal, Gaurab; Bhuller, Manudeep; Lange, Fabian
作者单位：University of Virginia; University of Oslo; Statistics Norway; McGill University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper considers the use of instruments to identify and estimate private and social returns to education within a model of employer learning. What an instrument identifies depends on whether it is hidden from, or transparent (i.e., observed) to, the employers. A hidden instrument identifies private returns to education, and a transparent instrument identifies social returns to education. We use variation in compulsory schooling laws across noncentral and central municipalities in Norway to...
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作者：Baqaee, David; Werning, Ivan; Woodford, Michael
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Columbia University
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作者：Hoekstra, Mark; Sloan, CarlyWill
作者单位：Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：This paper examines race and police use of force using data on 1.6 million 911 calls in two cities, neither of which allows for discretion in officer dispatch. Results indicate White officers increase force much more than minority officers when dispatched to more minority neighborhoods. Estimates indicate Black (Hispanic) civilians are 55 (75) percent more likely to experience any force, and five times as likely to experience a police shooting, compared to if White officers scaled up force sim...
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作者：Hussam, Reshmaan; Rigol, Natalia; Roth, Benjamin N.
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：Identifying high-growth microentrepreneurs in low-income countries remains a challenge due to a scarcity of verifiable information. With a cash grant experiment in India we demonstrate that community knowledge can help target high-growth microentrepreneurs; while the average marginal return to capital in our sample is 9.4 percent per month, microentrepreneurs reported in the top third of the community are estimated to have marginal returns to capital between 24 percent and 30 percent per month...
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作者：Cutler, David M.; Ghosh, Kaushik; Messer, Kassandra L.; Raghunathan, Trivellore; Rosen, Allison B.; Stewart, Susan T.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
摘要：This paper develops a satellite account for the US health sector and measures productivity growth in health care for the elderly population between 1999 and 2012. We measure the change in medical spending and health outcomes for a comprehensive set of 80 conditions. Medical care has positive productivity growth over the time period, with aggregate productivity growth of 1.5 percent per year. However, there is significant heterogeneity in productivity growth. Care for cardiovascular disease has...
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作者：Braghieri, Luca; Levy, Ro'ee; Makarin, Alexey
作者单位：Bocconi University; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; Tel Aviv University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
摘要：We provide quasi-experimental estimates of the impact of social media on mental health by leveraging a unique natural experiment: the staggered introduction of Facebook across US colleges. Our analysis couples data on student mental health around the years of Facebook's expansion with a generalized difference-in-differences empirical strategy. We find that the rollout of Facebook at a college had a negative impact on student mental health. It also increased the likelihood with which students r...
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作者：Mirenda, Litterio; Mocetti, Sauro; Rizzica, Lucia
作者单位：European Central Bank; Bank of Italy
摘要：We analyze the effects of Mafia infiltration in the legal economy. Combining information from investigative records with panel data on firms' governance and balance sheets, we build an indicator of infiltration in firms located in an area with no tradition of Mafia. We show that Mafia targets young and less efficient firms and that infiltration generates a significant rise in firms' revenues, with no proportionate growth in production inputs and a deterioration of the firm's financial situatio...
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作者：Jensen, Anders
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper builds a new microdatabase that covers 100 countries at all income levels and long-run time series in the United States (1870-2010) and Mexico (1960-2010) to document how the modern tax system arises over development. I establish a new set of stylized facts, which show that the income tax exemption threshold decreases in the income distribution as a country develops, tracking growth in the employee share of employment that occurs gradually further down the income distribution. Addit...
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作者：Gelman, Michael; Kariv, Shachar; Shapiro, Matthew D.; Silverman, Dan
作者单位：Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University; Claremont McKenna College; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：Low liquidity and a high marginal propensity to consume are tightly linked. This paper analyzes this link in the context of income tax withholding and refunds. A theory of rational cash management with income uncertainty endogenizes the relationship between illiquidity and the marginal propensity to consume, and can explain the finding that households tend to spend tax refunds as if they valued liquidity, yet do not act to increase liquidity by reducing their withholding. The theory is support...
