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作者：Lindbeck, Assar; Nyberg, Sten
作者单位：Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN); Stockholm University
摘要：Empirically, disincentive effects on work of generous welfare state arrangements tend to appear with a substantial time lag. One explanation is that norms concerning work and benefit dependency delay such effects. We model altruistic parents' economic incentives for instilling such work norms in their children. Anticipated economic support from parents may reduce work effort, and parental altruism makes threats to withdraw such support noncredible. Instilling norms mitigates this problem. Howe...
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作者：Duflo, Esther; Gale, William; Liebman, Jeffrey; Orszag, Peter; Saez, Emmanuel
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Brookings Institution; Harvard University; Harvard University
摘要：We analyze a randomized experiment in which 14,000 tax filers in H&R Block offices in St. Louis received matches of zero, 20 percent, or 50 percent of IRA contributions. Take-up rates were 3 percent, 8 percent, and 14 percent, respectively. Among contributors, contributions, excluding the match, averaged $765 in the control group and $1100 in the match groups. Taxpayer responses to similar incentives in the Saver's Credit are much smaller. Taxpayers did not game the experiment by receiving a m...
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作者：Falk, Armin; Fehr, Ernst; Zehnder, Christian
作者单位：University of Bonn; University of Zurich
摘要：bIn a laboratory experiment we show that minimum wages have significant and lasting effects on subjects' reservation wages. The temporary introduction of a minimum wage leads to a rise in subjects' reservation wages which persists even after the minimum wage has been removed. Firms are therefore forced to pay higher wages after the removal of the minimum wage than before its introduction. As a consequence, the employment effects of removing the minimum wage are significantly smaller than are t...
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作者：Hsieh, Chang-Tai; Moretti, Enrico
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：From 1997 through 2003, the UN Oil for Food Program allowed Iraq to export oil for humanitarian supplies. We hypothesize that Iraq deliberately set the price of its oil below market prices to solicit bribes from oil buyers. By comparing the price gap between Iraqi oil and its close substitutes during the Program to the gap prior to the Program, we find evidence of significant underpricing. Our central estimate suggests that Iraq collected $1.3 billion in bribes from underpricing its oil, or 2 ...
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作者：Garicano, Luis; Rossi-Hansberg, Esteban
作者单位：University of Chicago; Princeton University
摘要：We present an equilibrium theory of the organization of work in an economy where knowledge is an essential input in production and agents are heterogeneous in skill. Agents organize production by matching with others in knowledge hierarchies designed to use and communicate their knowledge efficiently. Relative to autarky, organization leads to larger cross-sectional differences in knowledge and wages: low skill workers learn and earn relatively less. We show that improvements in the technology...
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作者：Bedard, Kelly; Dhuey, Elizabeth
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：A continuum of ages exists at school entry due to the use of a single school cutoff date-making the oldest children approximately 20 percent older than the youngest children. We provide substantial evidence that these initial maturity differences have long-lasting effects on student performance across OECD countries. In particular, the youngest members of each cohort score 4-12 percentiles lower than the oldest members in grade four and 2-9 percentiles lower in grade eight. In fact, data from ...
