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作者：Gilchrist, Duncan S.
摘要：This paper examines how an incumbent's patent protection acts as an implicit subsidy toward non-infringing substitutes. I analyze whether classes of pharmaceuticals whose first entrant has a longer period of market exclusivity (time between approval and generic entry) see more subsequent entry. Instrumenting for exclusivity using plausibly exogenous delays in the development process, I find that a one-year increase in the first entrant's market exclusivity increases subsequent entry by 0.2 dru...
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作者：Fujiwara, Thomas; Meng, Kyle; Vogl, Tom
作者单位：Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Princeton University; Princeton University
摘要：We estimate habit formation in voting-the effect of past on current turnout-by exploiting transitory voting cost shocks. Using county-level data on US presidential elections from 1952-2012, we find that rainfall on current and past election days reduces voter turnout. Our estimates imply that a 1-point decrease in past turnout lowers current turnout by 0.6-1.0 points. Further analyses suggest that habit formation operates by reinforcing the direct consumption value of voting and that our estim...
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作者：Ebenstein, Avraham; Lavy, Victor; Roth, Sefi
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Warwick; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：Cognitive performance during high-stakes exams can be affected by random disturbances that, even if transitory, may have permanent consequences. We evaluate this hypothesis among Israeli students who took a series of matriculation exams between 2000 and 2002. Exploiting variation across the same student taking multiple exams, we find that transitory PM2.5 exposure is associated with a significant decline in student performance. We then examine these students in 2010 and find that PM2.5 exposur...
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作者：Simon, David
作者单位：University of Connecticut
摘要：Evidence suggests that excise taxes on tobacco improve fetal health. However, it remains unknown if smoke exposure in early life causes lasting harm to children. I find that in utero exposure to a dollar increase in the state cigarette tax causes a 10 percent decrease in sick days from school and a 4.7 percent decrease in having two or more doctor visits. I present additional evidence for decreases in hospitalizations and asthma. This supports the hypothesis that exposure to cigarette smoke in...
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作者：Kanz, Martin
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：This paper studies the impact of debt relief, using a natural experiment arising from India's Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme, one of the largest household-level debt relief initiatives in history. I find that debt relief has a substantial impact on household balance sheets, but does not affect savings, consumption and investment, as predicted by theories of debt overhang or balance sheet distress. Instead, debt relief leads to greater reliance on informal credit, reduced inves...
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作者：Chong, Alberto; Cohen, Isabelle; Field, Erica; Nakasone, Eduardo; Torero, Maximo
作者单位：University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Duke University; Michigan State University; CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
摘要：Do nutritional deficiencies contribute to the intergenerational persistence of poverty by reducing the earnings potential of future generations? To address this question, we made available supplemental iron pills at a health center in rural Peru and encouraged adolescents to take them via media messages. School administrative data provide novel evidence that reducing iron deficiency results in a large and significant improvement in school performance and aspirations for anemic students. Our fi...
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作者：Bruhn, Miriam; Leao, Luciana de Souza; Legovini, Arianna; Marchetti, Rogelio; Zia, Bilal
作者单位：The World Bank; Columbia University; The World Bank; The World Bank
摘要：We study the impact of a comprehensive high school financial education program spanning 6 states, 892 schools, and approximately 25,000 students in Brazil through a randomized control trial. The program increased student financial proficiency by a quarter of a standard deviation and raised grade-level passing rates. Short-term financial behaviors, however, show mixed results with significant improvements in students' savings and budgeting as well as positive spillovers to parents, but also an ...
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作者：Holden, Kristian L.
作者单位：American Institutes for Research
摘要：This paper considers the effect of textbook funding on school-level test performance by using a quasi-experimental setting in the United States. I consider a lawsuit in California that provided a one-time payment of $96.90 per student for textbooks if schools fell below a threshold of academic performance. Exploiting this variation with a regression discontinuity (RD) design, I find that textbook funding has significant positive effects on school-level achievement in elementary schools and has...
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作者：Dinkelman, Taryn; Mariotti, Martine
作者单位：Dartmouth College; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Australian National University; Stellenbosch University
摘要：We provide new evidence of one channel through which circular labor migration has long-run effects on origin communities: by raising completed human capital of the next generation. We estimate the net effects of migration from Malawi to South African mines using newly digitized census and administrative data on access to mine jobs, a difference-in-differences strategy, and two opposite-signed and plausibly exogenous shocks to the option to migrate. Twenty years after these shocks, human capita...
