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作者：Polyakova, Maria
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：I take advantage of regulatory and pricing dynamics in Medicare Part D to explore interactions among adverse selection, inertia, and regulation. I first document novel evidence of adverse selection and switching frictions within Part D using detailed administrative data. I then estimate a contract choice and pricing model that quantifies the importance of inertia for-risk sorting. I find that in Part D switching costs help sustain an-adversely-selected equilibrium. I also estimate that active-...
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作者：Goldberg, Jessica
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：I use a field experiment to estimate the wage elasticity of employment in the day labor market in rural Malawi. Once a week for 12 consecutive weeks, I make job offers for a workfare-type program to 529 adults. The daily wage varies from the tenth to the ninetieth percentile of the wage distribution, and individuals are entitled to work a maximum of one day per week. In this context (the low agricultural season), 74 percent of individuals worked at the lowest wage, and consequently the estimat...
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作者：Ketel, Nadine; Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel; van der Klaauw, Bas
作者单位：University of Gothenburg; University of Oslo; University of Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
摘要：We exploit admission lotteries to estimate the returns to medical school in the Netherlands. Using data from up to 22 years after the lottery, we find that in every single year after graduation doctors earn at least 20 percent more than people who end up in their next-best occupation. Twenty-two years after the lottery the earnings difference is almost 50 percent. Only a small fraction of this difference can be attributed to differences in working hours and human capital investments. The retur...
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作者：Smith, Austin C.
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Miami University
摘要：Daylight Saving Time (DST) impacts over 1.5 billion people, yet many of its impacts on practicing populations remain uncertain. Exploiting the discrete nature of DST transitions and a 2007 policy change, I estimate the impact of DST on fatal automobile crashes. My results imply that from 2002-2011 the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at a social cost of $275 million annually. Employing four tests to decompose the aggregate effect into an ambient light or sleep mechanism, I find that s...
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作者：Hilger, Nathaniel G.
作者单位：Brown University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：How do parental layoffs and their large attendant income losses affect children's long-term outcomes? This question has proven difficult to answer due to the endogeneity of parental layoffs. I overcome this problem by exploiting the timing of 7 million fathers' layoffs when children are age 12-29 in administrative data for the United States. Layoffs dramatically reduce family income but only slightly reduce college enrollment, college quality, and early career earnings. These effects are consi...
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作者：Cadena, Brian C.; Kovak, Brian K.
作者单位：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Carnegie Mellon University
摘要：This paper demonstrates that low-skilled Mexican-born immigrants' location choices respond strongly to changes in local labor demand, which helps equalize spatial differences in employment outcomes for low-skilled native workers. We leverage the substantial geographic variation in labor demand during the Great Recession to identify migration responses to local shocks and find that skilled Mexican-born immigrants respond much more strongly than low-skilled natives. Further, Mexican mobility red...
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作者：Gilchrist, Duncan S.
摘要：This paper examines how an incumbent's patent protection acts as an implicit subsidy toward non-infringing substitutes. I analyze whether classes of pharmaceuticals whose first entrant has a longer period of market exclusivity (time between approval and generic entry) see more subsequent entry. Instrumenting for exclusivity using plausibly exogenous delays in the development process, I find that a one-year increase in the first entrant's market exclusivity increases subsequent entry by 0.2 dru...
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作者：Blattman, Christopher; Green, Eric P.; Jamison, Julian; Lehmann, M. Christian; Annan, Jeannie
作者单位：Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Duke University; The World Bank; Universidade de Brasilia
摘要：We show that extremely poor, war-affected women in northern Uganda have high returns to a package of $150 cash, five days of business skills training, and ongoing supervision. Sixteen months after grants, participants doubled their microenterprise ownership and incomes, mainly from petty trading. We also show these ultrapoor have too little social capital, but that group bonds, informal insurance, and cooperative activities could be induced and had positive returns. When the control group rece...
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作者：Clark, Damon; Del Bono, Emilia
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Essex
摘要：This paper estimates the impact of elite school attendance on long-run outcomes including completed education, income, and fertility. Our data consist of individuals born in the 1950s and educated in a UK district that assigned students to either elite or non-elite secondary schools. Using instrumental variables methods that exploit the school assignment formula, we find that elite school attendance had large impacts on completed education. Surprisingly, there are no significant effects on mos...
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作者：Fujiwara, Thomas; Meng, Kyle; Vogl, Tom
作者单位：Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Princeton University; Princeton University
摘要：We estimate habit formation in voting-the effect of past on current turnout-by exploiting transitory voting cost shocks. Using county-level data on US presidential elections from 1952-2012, we find that rainfall on current and past election days reduces voter turnout. Our estimates imply that a 1-point decrease in past turnout lowers current turnout by 0.6-1.0 points. Further analyses suggest that habit formation operates by reinforcing the direct consumption value of voting and that our estim...
