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作者：Mastrobuoni, Giovannni; Terlizzese, Daniele
作者单位：Collegio Carlo Alberto; European Central Bank; Bank of Italy
摘要：We estimate the effect on recidivism of replacing time served in a common closed-cell prison with time served in an open-cell one. We deal with the endogenous assignment of inmates to different prison regimes using variation that is driven by nearby prisons' overcrowd-ing. Switching regimes for a year reduces recidivism by around 6 percentage points. The effects are largest for inmates with low levels of education and are weak for violent and hardened criminals. (JEL K14, K42)
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作者：Eichmeyer, Sarah; Zhang, Jonathan
作者单位：Bocconi University; McMaster University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
摘要：We use practice variation across physicians to uncover the role of medical care in causing opioid dependence. Using health records of 2 million US veterans with emergency department visits, we find that quasi-random assignment to a top (versus bottom) decile prescribing provider significantly increases subsequent opioid use and misuse rates. Instrumental variable results show that opioid prescription receipt leads to a 20 percent increase in the probability of long-term prescription opioid use...
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作者：Mehmood, S. U. L. T. A. N.
作者单位：New Economic School
摘要：A central question in development economics is whether there are adequate checks and balances on the executive. This paper provides causal evidence of how increasing constraints on the executive-via removal of presidential discretion in judicial appointments-pro-motes the rule of law. The age structure of judges at the time of the reform and the mandatory retirement age law provide us with an exogenous source of variation in the termination of presidential dis-cretion in judicial appointments....
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作者：Blanchet, Thomas; Chancel, Lucas; Gethin, Amory
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Paris School of Economics; Institut d'Etudes Politiques Paris (Sciences Po); Paris School of Economics
摘要：This article combines all available data to produce pretax and post -tax income inequality series in 26 European countries from 1980 to 2017. Our estimates are consistent with macroeconomic growth and comparable with US distributional national accounts. Inequality grew in nearly all European countries, but much less than in the US. Contrary to a widespread view, we demonstrate that Europe's lower inequality levels cannot be explained by more equalizing tax and transfer systems. After accountin...
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作者：Carter, Susan Payne; Liu, Kuan; Skiba, Paige Marta; Sydnor, Justin
作者单位：United States Department of Defense; United States Army; United States Military Academy; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; Vanderbilt University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：We examine the effect of state laws on minimum payday loan dura-tions that give some borrowers an additional pay cycle to repay their initial loan with no other changes to contract terms. Neoclassical models predict this grace period would reduce borrowers' need for costly loan rollovers. However, in reality, borrowers' repayment behavior with grace periods is very similar to borrowers with shorter loans, merely pushed out a few weeks. Potential explanations include heuristic repayment decisio...
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作者：Feigenbaum, James; Lee, James; Mezzanotti, Filippo
作者单位：Boston University; Northwestern University
摘要：Using General Sherman's March through Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina during the Civil War, we study the effect of capital destruction on medium-and long-run local economic activ-ity, and the role of financial markets in recovery. We show that the march's capital destruction led to a large contraction in agricul-tural investment, farming asset prices, and manufacturing activ-ity compared to neighboring counties. Elements of the decline in agriculture persisted through 1920. Exploit...
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作者：Novosad, Paul; Rafkin, Charlie; Asher, Sam
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Imperial College London
摘要：Measurements of mortality change among less educated Americans can be biased because the least educated groups (e.g., dropouts) become smaller and more negatively selected over time. We show that mortality changes at constant education percentiles can be bounded with minimal assumptions. Middle-age mortality increases among non-Hispanic Whites from 1992 to 2018 are driven almost entirely by the bottom 10 percent of the education distribution. Drivers of mor-tality change differ substantially a...
