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作者：Hanushek, EA; Kain, JF; Rivkin, SG
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; Stanford University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; National Bureau of Economic Research; Amherst College
摘要：Most students change schools at some point in their academic careers, but some change very frequently and some schools experience a great deal of turnover. While many argue that mobility harms students, economists tend to emphasize Tiebout type moves to procure better school quality (SQ). This paper disentangles the disruption effects of moves from changes in SQ. Importantly, it identifies the negative externality movers impose on other students. Student turnover is shown to entail a substanti...
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作者：Alesina, A; Di Tella, R; MacCulloch, R
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); Harvard University; Harvard University; Princeton University
摘要：We study the effect of the level of inequality in society on individual well-being using a total of 123,668 answers to a survey question about happiness. We find that individuals have a lower tendency to report themselves happy when inequality is high, even after controlling for individual income, a large set of personal characteristics, and year and country (or, in the case of the US, state) dummies. The effect, however, is more precisely defined statistically in Europe than in the US. In add...
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作者：Barrow, L; Rouse, CE
作者单位：Princeton University; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago
摘要：We examine whether school expenditures are valued by potential residents and whether the current level of public school provision is inefficient by estimating the effect of state education aid on residential property values. We find evidence that, overall, state aid is valued by potential residents and that school districts do not overspend on education. However, we find that districts may overspend in areas where residents have fewer schooling options but find no difference in efficiency by t...
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作者：Bergstresser, D; Poterba, J
作者单位：Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The rapid growth of assets in self-directed tax-deferred retirement accounts has generated a new set of financial decisions for many households. In addition to deciding which assets to hold, the traditional choice among bonds, stocks, and other investment classes, households with substantial assets in both taxable and tax-deferred accounts (TDA) must now decide where to hold them. This paper uses data from the Survey of Consumer Finances to assess how many households have enough assets in both...
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作者：Groen, JA; White, MJ
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; United States Department of Labor; Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper examines the divergence of interest between universities and state governments concerning standards for admitting in-state versus out-of-state students. We find that public universities set lower minimum admission standards for in-state than out-of-state applicants, presumably in response to state pressure, while private universities treat both groups equally. However, we also find that favoring in-state applicants goes against states' long-term financial interest. This is because m...
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作者：Duncan, B
作者单位：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver
摘要：This article develops a new model of altruism called impact philanthropy. An impact philanthropist is someone who wants to personally 'make a difference.' While that motive is straightforward, its logical implications are significantly different from other models of philanthropy. For example, the contributions of other donors can reduce an impact philanthropist's charitable fulfillment. As a result, cooperation among impact philanthropists can reduce aggregate giving. In addition, impact phila...
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作者：Tinkelman, D
作者单位：Pace University
摘要：Using IRS data from 1982 to 1994, this study finds the typical fund-raising elasticities in seven categories of nonprofit organizations to be between zero and one. These results are consistent with most nonprofit managers following intermediate strategies between pure program service maximization and pure organization size maximization. However, the distribution of fund-raising elasticities contains extreme observations that can disproportionately affect mean elasticities and standard deviatio...
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作者：Clarke, GRG; Xu, LC
作者单位：The World Bank; Peking University
摘要：Using enterprise-level data on bribes paid to utilities in 21 transition economies in eastern Europe and central Asia, we examine how characteristics of the utilities taking bribes and the firms paying bribes affect corruption in the sector. Bribe takers (utility employees) are more likely to take bribes in countries with greater constraints on utility capacity, lower levels of competition in the utility sector, and where utilities are state-owned. Bribe payers (enterprises) are more likely to...
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作者：Aizer, A
作者单位：Princeton University
摘要：As female participation in the labor force continues to grow in the US, so too does reliance on non-parental child care. However, the high cost of child care has impeded the ability of many working mothers to find sufficient child care for their children. As a result, as recently as 1998 over eight million children ages five to 14 spent time without adult supervision on a regular basis in the US. I examine the effect of the lack of adult supervision after school on a panel of school-age childr...
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作者：Duranton, G; Haniotis, T
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper develops a general equilibrium theory of endogenous firm and class formation under non-contractibility with heterogeneous individuals. A collectivist economy, a private-ownership economy, and a mixed economy are compared on the basis of identical economic fundamentals (methodological symmetry). Each economic system generates specific inefficiencies so that none dominates the others in general. The main trade-off is between the welfare loss associated with risk-taking in the private-...
