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作者：Conde-Ruiz, JI; Galasso, V
作者单位：Bocconi University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：Early retirement was introduced after the appearance of redundant middle-aged workers, not entitled to pensions. This distortionary policy reduces human capital accumulation and economic growth, but shifts part of the tax burden on future generations. Why was it adopted? Alternative policies, which do not introduce long-term distortions, but impose a larger cost on the current generation of workers, were blocked by a coalition of high income workers, who did not plan to retire early, but sough...
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作者：Cox, D; Hansen, BE; Jimenez, E
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; The World Bank; Boston College
摘要：In recent years there has been burgeoning interest in how private transfers respond to household income, or transfer derivatives. Much of it is fueled by the specter of crowding out: the more responsive are private transfers, the more likely they could be supplanted by expansions in public transfers, weakening or destroying the latter's distributive impact. Yet there is also an emerging consensus that actual transfer derivatives are trivial, at least for the United States, suggesting that crow...
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作者：Figlio, DN; Lucas, ME
作者单位：State University System of Florida; University of Florida; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper explores the effects of high grading standards on student test performance in elementary school. While high standards have been advocated by policy-makers, business groups, and teacher unions, very little is known about their effects on outcomes. Most of the existing research on standards is theoretical, generally finding that standards have mixed effects on students. However, very little empirical work has to date been completed on this topic. This paper provides the first empirica...
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作者：Gruber, J; Köszegi, B
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：One of the most cogent criticisms of excise taxes is their regressivity, with lower income groups spending a much larger share of their income on goods such as cigarettes than do higher income groups. We argue that traditional quantity-based measures of incidence are only appropriate under a very restrictive time-consistent model of consumption of sin goods. A model that is much more consistent with existing evidence on smoking decisions is a time-inconsistent formulation where excise taxes on...
