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作者：Miguel, E; Gugerty, MK
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
摘要：This paper examines ethnic diversity and local public goods in rural western Kenya. The identification strategy relies on the stable historically determined patterns of ethnic land settlement. Ethnic diversity is associated with lower primary school funding and worse school facilities, and there is suggestive evidence that it leads to poor water well maintenance. The theoretical model illustrates how inability to impose social sanctions in diverse communities leads to collective action failure...
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作者：Ravallion, M; Chen, SH
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：The possibility that poor households may prefer to save the income gains from a development project raises concerns about how well standard evaluation methods-using data collected over relatively short periods-can capture the true welfare impacts. By the widely used differencc-indifference method, the Southwest China Poverty Reduction Project had little current impact on the proportion of people in beneficiary villages consuming less than US$1/day-despite a public outlay of US$400 million. How...
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作者：Sinai, T; Waldfogel, J
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：A necessary condition for justifying a policy such as subsidized low-income housing, either via tenant-based rental assistance or construction of public or private projects, is that it has a real effect on market outcomes. In this paper, we examine one aspect of the real effect of subsidized housing-does it increase the housing stock? If subsidized housing raises the quantity of occupied housing per capita, either more people are finding housing or they are being housed less densely. On the ot...
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作者：Steinberg, R; Weisbrod, BA
作者单位：Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University in Indianapolis; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
摘要：We characterize the patterns of pricing and rationing when paternalistic nonprofit organizations (either private or governmental) care about the level and distribution of consumer surplus provided to their clients. Equilibrium depends upon marginal cost, the organization's distributional weights, exogenous income levels, and cream-skimming by competing for-profit firms. In equilibrium, some consumers pay their reservation price or a lower price above marginal cost, some pay less than marginal ...
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作者：Kopczuk, W
作者单位：Columbia University; Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Tax reforms usually change both tax rates and tax bases. Using a panel of income tax returns spanning the two major U.S. tax reforms of the 1980s and a number of smaller tax law changes, I find that the elasticity of income reported on personal income tax returns depends on the available deductions. This highlights that this key behavioral elasticity is not an immutable parameter but rather that it can be to some extent controlled by policy makers. One implication is that base broadening reduc...
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作者：Svarer, M; Rosholm, M; Munch, JR
作者单位：Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen
摘要：In this paper we analyse how rent control affects the duration of individual unemployment. In a theoretical search model we distinguish between two effects of rent control. On one hand, rent control reduces housing mobility and hence mobility in the labour market. On the other hand, to maintain rent control benefits, unemployed individuals are more likely to accept job offers in the local labour market. Based on a rich Danish data set, we find that the probability of finding a local job increa...
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作者：Hakola, T; Uusitalo, R
摘要：Firms may encourage their workers to retire early. Experience-rating of early retirement benefits creates incentives for firms to avoid this. We use a pension reform as a natural experiment in order to evaluate the effect of this experience-rating. The key result is that experience-rating of early retirement benefits reduces early exits of older workers. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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作者：Kearney, MS
作者单位：Wellesley College
摘要：This paper investigates two central issues regarding state lotteries. First, analyses of multiple sources of micro-level data demonstrate that household lottery spending is financed primarily by a reduction in non-gambling expenditures, not by a reduction in expenditures on other forms of gambling. The introduction of a state lottery is associated with an average decline of $46 per month, or 2.4 percent, in household non-gambling expenditures. Low-income households reduce non-gambling househol...
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作者：Stiglitz, JE; Yun, J
作者单位：Ewha Womans University; Columbia University
摘要：This paper analyzes a social insurance system that integrates unemployment insurance with a pension program, allowing workers to borrow against their future wage income to finance consumption during an unemployment episode and thus improving search incentives while reducing the risks arising from unemployment. This paper identifies the conditions under which integration improves welfare and the factors which determine the optimal degree of integration. We show that when the duration of unemplo...
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作者：Fisman, R; Hubbard, RG
作者单位：Columbia University
摘要：We present a model of nonprofit governance built on two assumptions: (1) organizations wish to hold precautionary savings in order to smooth expenditures; and (2) it is relatively easy for managers to divert these funds for personal use. Hence, donors face a trade off between expenditure smoothing and donation dissipation. We examine the model's predictions using panel data on U.S. nonprofits. We show that organizations in states with poor government oversight have managerial compensation that...
