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作者：Macartney, Hugh
作者单位：Duke University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper provides the first evidence that value-added education accountability schemes induce dynamic distortions. Extending earlier dynamic moral hazard models, I propose a new test for ratchet effects, showing that classroominputs are distorted less when schools face a shorter horizon over which they can influence student performance. I then exploit grade span variation using rich educational data to credibly identify the extent of dynamic gaming and find compelling evidence of ratchet eff...
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作者：Moscarini, Giuseppe; Postel-Vinay, Fabien
作者单位：Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We study employment reallocation across employers through the lens of a dynamic job ladder model. Workers always agree on a ranking of employers at all points in time and search for better jobs both off and on the job. A parsimonious version of the model fits well the time series of gross worker flows by employer size from newly available US data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. Focusing on the US experience in and around the Great Recession, our evidence indicates that the job...
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作者：Altonji, Joseph G.; Kahn, Lisa B.; Speer, Jamin D.
作者单位：Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Memphis
摘要：We measure impacts of entry conditions on labor market outcomes for the US college graduating classes of 1974-2011. A large recession reduces initial earnings by 10%, through full-time work and wages, with small persistent impacts on wages. Those in high-paying majors experience smaller impacts on most labor market outcomes, widening earnings inequality across majors. In the Great Recession, early earnings losses are much larger than predicted given past patterns and the size of the recession....
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作者：Kinsler, Josh
作者单位：University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
摘要：The existence of teacher complementarities across grades can have important implications for the efficient assignment of students to teachers and for the evaluation of teachers using standard value-added models (VAMs). In this paper, I extend the basic VAM to allow for interactive effects between teachers. Using data from North Carolina's primary schools, I find that teacher complementarities within schools are extremely small. This finding suggests that there is little to gain by assigning st...
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作者：Combes, Pierre-Philippe; Decreuse, Bruno; Laouenan, Morgane; Trannoy, Alain
作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut d'Etudes Politiques Paris (Sciences Po); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Universite Catholique Louvain
摘要：The paper investigates the link between the overexposure of African immigrants to unemployment in France and their underrepresentation in jobs in contact with customers. We build a two-sector matching model with ethnic sector-specific preferences, economywide employer discrimination, and customer discrimination in jobs in contact with customers. The outcomes of the model allow us to build a test of ethnic discrimination in general and customer discrimination in particular. We run the test on F...
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作者：Elsby, Michael W. L.; Shin, Donggyun; Solon, Gary
作者单位：University of Edinburgh; Kyung Hee University; University of Arizona; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Using 1979-2012 CPS data for the United States and 1975-2012 NES data for Great Britain, we study wage behavior in both countries, with particular attention to the Great Recession. Real wages are procyclical in both countries, but the procyclicality of real wages varies across recessions, and does so differently between the two countries, in ways that defy simple explanations. We devote particular attention to the hypothesis that downward nominal wage rigidity plays an important role in cyclic...
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作者：Kroft, Kory; Lange, Fabian; Notowidigdo, Matthew J.; Katz, Lawrence F.
作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research; McGill University; Northwestern University; Harvard University
摘要：We explore the role of composition, duration dependence, and labor force nonparticipation in accounting for the sharp increase in the incidence of long-term unemployment (LTU) during the Great Recession. We show that compositional shifts account for very little of the observed increase in LTU. Using panel data from the Current Population Survey for 2002-7, we calibrate a matching model that allows for duration dependence in unemployment and transitions between employment, unemployment, and non...
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作者：Beaudry, Paul; Green, David A.; Sand, Benjamin M.
作者单位：University of British Columbia; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of British Columbia; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; York University - Canada
摘要：This paper argues that several of the poor labor market outcomes observed in the Great Recession can be traced back to a change in the demand pattern for skilled workers that started with the tech bust of 2000. In particular, we show that around the year 2000, the demand for cognitive tasks underwent a reversal. In response, high-skilled workers moved down the occupational ladder and increasingly displaced lower-educated workers in less skill-intensive jobs. While these effects were present be...
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作者：Carpenter, Jeffrey; Gong, Erick
作者单位：Middlebury College; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：Economic theory predicts that agents work harder if they believe in the mission of the organization. We conduct a real-effort experiment with workers whose mission preferences are known, randomly assigning them to organizations with clear missions to create both matches and mismatches. Our estimates suggest that matching is a strong motivator, especially compared to mismatches. Further, we find that performance pay increases effort, though mostly among mismatched workers who substitute pay for...
