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作者：Castleman, Benjamin L.; Long, Bridget Terry
作者单位：University of Virginia; Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The government has attempted to ameliorate gaps in college access and success by providing need-based grants, but little evidence exists on the long-term impacts of such aid. We examine the effects of the Florida Student Access Grant (FSAG) using a regression-discontinuity strategy and exploiting the cut-off used to determine eligibility. We find that grant eligibility had a positive effect on attendance, particularly at public 4-year institutions. Moreover, FSAG increased the rate of credit a...
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作者：Lafontaine, Francine; Shaw, Kathryn
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Stanford University
摘要：Among typical entrepreneurs, is serial entrepreneurship common? Is the serial entrepreneur more likely to succeed? If so, why? These questions are addressed using data on all establishments started between 1990 and 2011 to sell retail goods and services in Texas. An entrepreneur is the owner of a new business. A serial entrepreneur is one who opens repeat businesses. We find that 25.6% of businesses are operated by serial entrepreneurs. These are the more successful businesses: prior business ...
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作者：Macis, Mario; Schivardi, Fabiano
作者单位：Johns Hopkins University; IZA Institute Labor Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research; Bocconi University; Bocconi University
摘要：We use linked employer-employee data from Italy to explore the relationship between exports and wages. Exploiting the 1992 devaluation of the lira, we show that exporting firms both pay a wage premium above what their workers would earn in the outside labor market (the rent-sharing effect) and employ workers whose skills command a higher price after the devaluation (the skill composition effect). The latter only emerges once we allow for the value of workers' skills to differ in the pre-and po...
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作者：Dube, Arindrajit; Lester, T. William; Reich, Michael
作者单位：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：We provide the first estimates of the effects of minimum wages on employment flows in the US labor market, identifying the impact by using policy discontinuities at state borders. We find that minimum wages have a sizable negative effect on employment flows but not on stocks. Separations and accessions fall among affected workers, especially those with low tenure. We do not find changes in the duration of nonemployment for separations or hires. This evidence is consistent with search models wi...
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作者：Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Pharmacy today is a highly remunerated female-majority profession with a small gender earnings gap and low earnings dispersion. Using extensive surveys of pharmacists, as well as the US Census, American Community Surveys, and Current Population Surveys, we explore the gender earnings gap, penalty to part-time work, demographics of pharmacists relative to other college graduates, and evolution of the profession during the last half-century. Technological changes increasing substitutability amon...
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作者：Jones, John Bailey; Yang, Fang
作者单位：State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University
摘要：We document the growth in higher education costs and tuition over the past 50 years. To explain these trends, we develop a general equilibrium model with skill- and sector-biased technical change. Finding the model's parameters through a combination of estimation and calibration, we show that it can explain the rise in college costs between 1961 and 2009, along with the increase in college attainment and the change in the relative earnings of college graduates. The model predicts that if colle...
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作者：Behrman, Jere R.; Tincani, Michela M.; Todd, Petra E.; Wolpin, Kenneth I.
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; University of London; University College London; Rice University
摘要：Chile is unusual in having long-term experience with nationwide school vouchers. A key criticism of school voucher systems is that they make it easier for private schools to attract better teachers to the detriment of public schools. This paper uses longitudinal data from Chile to estimate a discrete choice dynamic programming (DCDP) model of teacher and nonteacher labor supply decisions and to explore how wage policies affect the composition of the teacher labor force in public and private sc...
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作者：Murphy, Kevin M.; Topel, Robert H.
作者单位：University of Chicago
摘要：We treat rising inequality as an equilibrium outcome in which human capital investment fails to keep pace with rising demand for skills. Investment affects skill supply and prices on three margins: the type of human capital in which to invest, how much to acquire, and the intensity of use. The latter two represent the intensive margins of human capital acquisition and utilization. These choices are substitutes for the creation of new skilled workers, yet they are complementary with each other,...
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作者：Brassiolo, Pablo
摘要：The cost of divorce influences the bargaining position of spouses and thus their behavior within the marriage. This study takes advantage of a major and unexpected reduction in divorce costs in Spain to estimate the causal effects on domestic violence. Results suggest a 30% decline in spousal conflict as a consequence of the reform. Spousal violence is found to have decreased among couples who remained married after the modification in the law, which suggests an important role for changes in b...
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作者：Fruehwirth, Jane Cooley; Navarro, Salvador; Takahashi, Yuya
作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Western University (University of Western Ontario); Johns Hopkins University
摘要：We show how the effect of grade retention varies by abilities, by timing of retention, and as time since retention elapses. Existing studies of grade retention are not well equipped to deal with the possibility that students retained at different grades differ in unobservable abilities (dynamic selection) and the effects of retention also vary by the student's abilities and the timing of retention. We extend existing factor analytic methods for identifying treatment effects in such settings. U...
