How the Timing of Grade Retention Affects Outcomes: Identification and Estimation of Time-Varying Treatment Effects

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Fruehwirth, Jane Cooley; Navarro, Salvador; Takahashi, Yuya
• 署名单位: University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Western University (University of Western Ontario); Johns Hopkins University
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0734-306X
• DOI: 10.1086/686262
• 发表日期: 2016
• 页码: 979-1021
• 关键词: instrumental variables; models; CHOICE; achievement; uncertainty

摘要

We show how the effect of grade retention varies by abilities, by timing of retention, and as time since retention elapses. Existing studies of grade retention are not well equipped to deal with the possibility that students retained at different grades differ in unobservable abilities (dynamic selection) and the effects of retention also vary by the student's abilities and the timing of retention. We extend existing factor analytic methods for identifying treatment effects in such settings. Using ECLS-K data, we find evidence of dynamic selection into retention and of heterogeneous effects of retention by grade and unobservable abilities.