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作者：Cunha, Flavio; Heckman, James
作者单位：Rice University; University of Chicago
摘要：A substantial empirical literature documents the rise in wage inequality in the American economy. It is silent on whether the increase in inequality is due to components of earnings that are predictable by agents or whether it is due to greater uncertainty facing them. These two sources of variability have different consequences for both aggregate and individual welfare. Using data on two cohorts of American males, we find that a large component of the rise in inequality for less skilled worke...
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作者：Barth, Erling; Bryson, Alex; Davis, James C.; Freeman, Richard
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; University of London; University College London; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper analyzes the role of establishments in the upward trend in dispersion of earnings that has become a central topic in economic analysis and policy debate. It decomposes changes in the variance of log earnings among individuals into the part due to changes in earnings among establishments and the part due to changes in earnings within establishments. The main finding is that much of the 1970s-2010s increase in earnings inequality results from increased dispersion of the earnings among...
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作者：DeVaro, Jed; Kauhanen, Antti
作者单位：California State University System; California State University East Bay
摘要：We use a systems-based econometric method to show that classic and market-based tournament models are empirically distinguishable since the role of risk differs across these models. Implementing the method using a large, Finnish, worker-firm matched panel, we find support for classic tournaments given that promotions depend on relative performance, the firm's wage structure is convex, promotion probabilities are decreasing in the number of competitors, performance is increasing in the wage spr...
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作者：Sarvimaki, Matti; Hamalainen, Kari
作者单位：Aalto University; VATT Institute for Economic Research
摘要：We examine the impact of restructuring active labor market programs for unemployed immigrants in Finland. Exploiting a discontinuity in the phase-in rules of the reform, we find that it increased compliers' cumulative earnings by 47% over a 10-year follow-up period. We attribute these improvements to a more efficient use of existing resources. The reform did not affect total days in training, but it did modify the content toward training specifically designed for immigrants.
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作者：Cunha, Flavio; Heckmans, James
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作者：Foster, Lucia; Grim, Cheryl; Haltiwanger, John
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The high pace of reallocation across producers is pervasive in the US economy. Evidence shows that this high pace of reallocation is closely linked to productivity. While these patterns hold on average, the extent to which the reallocation dynamics in recessions are cleansing is an open question. We find that downturns prior to the Great Recession are periods of accelerated reallocation even more productivity enhancing than reallocation in normal times. In the Great Recession, we find that the...
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作者：Camargo, Braz; Pastorino, Elena
作者单位：Getulio Vargas Foundation; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Minneapolis
摘要：We analyze commitment to employment in an environment in which an infinitely lived firm faces a sequence of finitely lived workers who differ in their ability. A worker's ability is initially unknown, and a worker's effort affects how informative about ability the worker's performance is. We show that equilibria display commitment to employment only when effort has a delayed impact on output. In this case, insurance against early termination encourages workers to exert effort, thus allowing th...
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作者：Hoffmann, Florian; Lemieux, Thomas
作者单位：University of British Columbia; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper looks at the surprisingly different labor market performance of the United States, Canada, Germany, and several other OECD countries during and after the Great Recession of 2008-9. A first important finding is that the large employment swings in the construction sector linked to the boom and bust in US housing markets is an important factor behind the different labor market performances of the three countries. We also find that cross-country differences among OECD countries are cons...
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作者：Barany, Zsofia L.
作者单位：Institut d'Etudes Politiques Paris (Sciences Po)
摘要：In the past 30 years, wage inequality has increased steeply while real minimum wages have fallen. This paper demonstrates that a general equilibrium model with endogenous skill choice is required to correctly evaluate the implications of minimum wage changes. The minimum wage not only truncates the wage distribution but also affects skill prices and therefore changes the incentives that people face when making educational decisions. The calibrated model suggests-in line with recent empirical l...
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作者：Bitler, Marianne; Hoynes, Hilary
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：Much attention has been given to the large increases in safety net spending during the Great Recession. We examine the relationship between poverty, the safety net, and business cycles historically and test whether there has been a significant change in this relationship. We find that post-welfare reform, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families did not respond during the Great Recession and extreme poverty is more cyclical than in prior recessions. Food Stamps and Unemployment Insurance are pr...
