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作者：Eichengreen, Barry; Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Saka, Orkun
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; European Bank of Reconstructon & Development; University of London; King's College London; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Sussex; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：It is sometimes said that an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will be heightened appreciation of the importance of scientific research and expertise. We test this hypothesis by examining how exposure to previous epidemics affected trust in science and scientists. Building on the impressionable years hypothesis that attitudes are durably formed during the ages 18-25, we focus on individuals exposed to epidemics in their country of residence at this particular stage of the life course. Combining ...
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作者：Drucker, Lev; Mazirov, Katya; Neumark, David
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：A key goal of a higher minimum wage is income redistribution towards low-income families. Existing research on the minimum wage focuses on the impact on affected workers, but is silent on the incomes of the owners of businesses who pay for a higher minimum wage. Higher minimum wages will do more to redistribute income if the owners of businesses who pay the minimum wage are nearer the top of the income distribution, and vice versa. We study evidence on the incidence of the minimum wage on the ...
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作者：Isphording, Ingo E.; Lipfert, Marc; Pestel, Nico
作者单位：IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Bonn; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：This paper studies the effect of the end of school summer breaks on SARS-CoV-2 cases in Germany. The staggered timing of summer breaks across federal states allows us to implement an event study design. We base our analysis on official daily counts of confirmed coronavirus infections by age groups across all 401 German counties. We consider an event window of two weeks before and four weeks after the end of summer breaks. We do not find evidence of a positive effect of school re-openings on ca...
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作者：Caetano, Gregorio; Macartney, Hugh
作者单位：University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Duke University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We develop a novel strategy to identify the relative importance of school and neighborhood factors in determining school segregation. Using detailed student enrollment and residential location data, our research design compares differences in student composition between adjacent Census blocks served by different schools to analogous differences between those schools. Our findings indicate that neighborhood factors explain around 62% of racial segregation and 44% of economic segregation across ...
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作者：Durante, Ruben; Guiso, Luigi; Gulino, Giorgio
作者单位：ICREA; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics
摘要：Social distancing can slow the spread of COVID-19 if citizens comply with it and internalize the cost of their mobility on others. We study how civic values mediate this process using data on mobility across Italian provinces between January and May 2020. We find that after the virus outbreak mobility declined, but significantly more in areas with higher civic capital, both before and after a mandatory national lockdown. The effect is not driven by differences in the risk of contagion, health-...
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作者：Milosh, Maria; Painter, Marcus; Sonin, Konstantin; Van Dijcke, David; Wright, Austin L.
作者单位：University of Chicago; Saint Louis University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：Political polarization may undermine public policy response to collective risk, especially in periods of crisis when political actors have incentives to manipulate public perceptions. We study these dynamics in the U.S., focusing on how partisanship has influenced the use of face masks to stem the spread of COVID-19. Using a variety of approaches, we find partisanship is the single most important predictor of mask use and local policy interventions do not offset this relationship. (c) 2021 Els...
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作者：Gehrsitz, Markus; Saffer, Henry; Grossman, Michael
作者单位：University of Strathclyde; IZA Institute Labor Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research; City University of New York (CUNY) System
摘要：We show that tax-induced increases in alcohol prices can lead to substantial substitution and avoidance behavior that limits reductions in alcohol consumption. Causal estimates are derived from a natural experiment in Illinois where spirits and wine taxes were raised sharply and unexpectedly in 2009. Beer taxes were increased by only a trivial amount. We construct representative and consistent measures of alcohol prices and sales from scanner data collected for hundreds of products in thousand...
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作者：Hines, James R., Jr.; Keen, Michael J.
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Tokyo; Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This paper explores the implications of tax rate randomness, identifying circumstances in which revenue neutral rate variability increases profitability, economic activity, and the efficiency of resource allocation. Furthermore, with heterogeneous taxpayers, tax rate variability is shown to perform an efficiency enhancing screening function, imposing heavier expected tax burdens on less responsive taxpayers. And while efficient tax randomness enables governments to reduce average costs of taxa...
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作者：Fazzio, Ila; Eble, Alex; Lumsdaine, Robin L.; Boone, Peter; Bouy, Baboucarr; Hsieh, Pei-Tseng Jenny; Jayanty, Chitra; Johnson, Simon; Silva, Ana Filipa
作者单位：Columbia University Teachers College; Columbia University; American University; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; National Bureau of Economic Research; Tinbergen Institute; University of Oxford; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：Children in many extremely poor, remote regions are growing up illiterate and innumerate despite high reported school enrollment ratios. Possible explanations for such poor outcomes include demand-for example, low perceived returns to education compared to opportunity cost; and supply-poor state provision and inability of parents to coordinate and finance better schooling. We conducted a cluster randomized trial in rural Guinea Bissau to understand the effectiveness and cost of concerted suppl...
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作者：He, Daixin; Peng, Langchuan; Wang, Xiaxin
作者单位：Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Nanjing Audit University; Fudan University
摘要：This paper conducts the first formal comparison of two main approaches (tax reform versus bunching approach) to estimate the elasticity of taxable income (ETI), a central parameter in the public finance literature since Feldstein (1999). Using a novel panel of administrative tax data from China and exploiting China's progressive monthly wage income tax schedule and a tax reform in 2011, we document two key differences in the ETI estimates obtained from these two approaches. First, the tax refo...
