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作者：Palangkaraya, Alfons; Webster, Elizabeth; Jensen, Paul H.
作者单位：University of Melbourne; University of Melbourne
摘要：In this paper, we estimate the extent of misclassification in patent examination decisions between the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Japanese Patent Office (JPO), that is, applications that are incorrectly refused a patent or incorrectly granted a patent. Using a proxy for inventive step as the predictor of the correct decision, we find that the probability that a true grant'' application is refused is 6.1%, while the probability that a true refusal'' application is granted is 9.8%. How...
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作者：Fortson, Jane G.
摘要：Over the past several decades, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has dramatically altered patterns of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, with potential consequences for human capital investment and economic growth. Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys for fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa, I estimate the relationship between regional HIV prevalence and the change in individual human capital investment over time. Consistent with a simple model of human capital investment incorpo...
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作者：Rincke, Johannes; Traxler, Christian
作者单位：University of Erlangen Nuremberg; Philipps University Marburg
摘要：This paper identifies spillovers from law enforcement. Our approach makes use of microdata on compliance with TV license fees that allow us to distinguish between households that were subject to enforcement and those that were not. Using snowfall as an instrument for local inspections, we find a striking response of households to increased enforcement in their vicinity: on average, three detections make one additional household comply with the law. As compliance rises significantly among those...
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作者：Tervio, Marko
作者单位：Aalto University
摘要：I look for divisions to clusters among academic departments in three disciplines: economics, mathematics, and comparative literature. I define clusters as subsets of departments with unexpectedly little hiring across the cluster lines. The division within economics is by far the strongest, is consistent with anecdotal evidence about freshwater and saltwater schools of thought and has been stable over time. There is also a significant division within comparative literature, but the hiring patte...
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作者：Cohen-Cole, Ethan
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：This paper evaluates the presence of racial disparities in the issuance of consumer credit. Using a database of credit histories, I link location-based information on race with individual credit files. After controlling for place-specific factors such as housing vacancy rates and general population demographics, I find qualitatively large differences in the amount of credit offered to similarly qualified applicants living in black versus white areas. High data quality allows distinguishing bet...
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作者：Lehmann, Sibylle H.; O'Rourke, Kevin H.
作者单位：University of Cologne; Trinity College Dublin
摘要：Many papers have explored the relationship between average tariff rates and economic growth when theory suggests that the structure of protection is what should matter. We therefore explore the relationship between economic growth and agricultural tariffs, industrial tariffs, and revenue tariffs for a sample of relatively well-developed countries between 1875 and 1913. Industrial tariffs were positively correlated with growth, and agricultural tariffs were generally negatively correlated with ...
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作者：Foley, C. Fritz
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Analysis of daily reported incidents of major crimes in twelve U.S. cities reveals an increase in crime over the course of monthly welfare payment cycles. This increase reflects an increase in crimes that are likely to have a direct financial motivation as opposed to other kinds of crime. Temporal patterns in crime are observed in jurisdictions in which disbursements are focused at the beginning of monthly welfare payment cycles and not in jurisdictions in which disbursements are relatively mo...
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作者：Levy, Daniel; Lee, Dongwon; Chen, Haipeng (Allan); Kauffman, Robert J.; Bergen, Mark
作者单位：Bar Ilan University; Emory University; Korea University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Singapore Management University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
摘要：We study the link between price points and price rigidity using two data sets: weekly scanner data and Internet data. We find that 9'' is the most frequent ending for the penny, dime, dollar, and ten-dollar digits; the most common price changes are those that keep the price endings at 9''; 9-ending prices are less likely to change than non-9-ending prices; and the average size of price change is larger for 9-ending than non-9-ending prices. We conclude that 9-ending contributes to price rigidi...
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作者：Black, Sandra E.; Devereux, Paul J.; Salvanes, Kjell G.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research; University College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; University College Dublin; Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：Using Norwegian data, we examine effects of school starting age (SSA). Unlike much recent literature, we can separate SSA from test age effects using scores from IQ tests taken outside school at about age 18. We find a small, negative effect of starting school older but much larger positive effects of age at test. Also, starting older leads to lower earnings until about age 30. We find little impact of SSA on educational attainment, but boys who start older are less likely to have poor mental ...
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作者：Ouyang, Min
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：We explore the link between short-run cycles and long-run growth by examining the cyclicality of R&D. Existing theories propose that R&D is concentrated when output is low, but aggregate data repeatedly show that R&D appears procyclical. We estimate the relationship between R&D and output using an annual panel of twenty U.S. manufacturing industries from 1958 to 1998. The results indicate that R&D is in fact procyclical, but, interestingly, estimates using demand-shift instruments suggest that...
