-
作者：Altmann, Steffen; Falk, Armin; Grunewald, Andreas
作者单位：University of Wurzburg; University of Copenhagen; University of Bonn; Frankfurt School Finance & Management
摘要：We report the results of two laboratory experiments and a repre-sentative survey that investigate how default effects are shaped by informa-tion asymmetries and strategic incentives. We document that defaults aremore informative when the interests of default setters and decision makersare more closely aligned. Decision makers' propensity to accept defaultsdepends, both, on the alignment of interests and the quality of their infor-mation. In a second experiment, we demonstrate that decision mak...
-
作者：Moretti, Enrico; Steinwender, Claudia; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); University of Munich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We examine the impact of government funding for R&D-anddefense-related R&D in particular-on privately conducted R&D and itsultimate effect on productivity growth. We estimate longitudinal modelsthat relate privately funded R&D to lagged government-funded R&D usingindustry-country level data from OECD countries and firm level data fromFrance. To deal with the potentially endogenous allocation of governmentR&D funds, we use changes in predicted defense R&D as an instrumentalvariable. In many OEC...
-
作者：Rockenbach, Bettina; Tonke, Sebastian; Weiss, Arne R.
作者单位：University of Cologne; Max Planck Society; Universitat d'Alacant; University of Mannheim; University of Bern
摘要：In a field experiment among 9,823 customers of the Namibian water utility, we implement interventions to reduce nonpayments. The interventions are based on diagnostic surveys to identify key obstacles to payments. They address informational frictions and apply psychological commitment techniques to narrow the gap between customers' willingness to pay and actual payments. Initially, payments increase by 29% to 55%, making the interventions highly cost-effective. Removing informational frictions...
-
作者：Browne, Oliver R.; Gazze, Ludovica; Greenstone, Michael; Rostapshova, Olga
作者单位：University of Warwick; University of Chicago
摘要：New technologies allow perfect detection of environmental violations at near-zero marginal cost, but take-up is low. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate enforcement of water conservation rules with smart meters in Fresno, CA. Households were randomly assigned combinations of enforcement method (automated or in-person inspections) and fines. Automated enforcement increased households' punishment rates from 0.1% to 14%, decreased summer water use by 3%, and reduced violations by 17%, whi...
-
作者：Krieger, Joshua L.; Myers, Kyle R.; Stern, Ariel D.
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：We examine editors' influence on the scientific content of aca-demic journals by unpacking the role of three major forces: journals' statedmissions, the aggregate supply of and demand for specific topics, and sci-entific homophily via editorial gatekeeping. In a sample of top biomedicaljournals, we find the first two forces explain the vast majority of variationin published content. The upper bound of the homophily effect is statisti-cally significant but practically much less important. Margi...
-
作者：Gaechter, Simon; Starmer, Chris; Tufano, Fabio
作者单位：IZA Institute Labor Economics; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Nottingham; University of Leicester
摘要：We introduce group cohesion to study the economic relevance of social relationships in team production. We operationalize measurement of group cohesion, adapting the oneness scale from psychology. A series of experiments, including a preregistered replication, reveals strong, positive associations between group cohesion and performance assessed in weak-link coordination games, with high-cohesion groups being likely to achieve superior equilibria. In exploratory analysis, we identify beliefs ra...
-
作者：Torchiana, Adrian L.; Rosenbaum, Ted; Scott, Paul T.; Souza-Rodrigues, Eduardo
作者单位：New York University; University of Toronto
摘要：Satellite-based image classification facilitates low-cost measurement of the Earth's surface composition. However, misclassified imagery can lead to misleading conclusions about transition processes. We propose a correction for transition rate estimates based on the econometric measurement error literature to extract the signal (truth) from its noisy measurement (satellite-based classifications). No ground-truth data are required in the implementation. Our proposed correction produces consiste...
-
作者：Adams, Abi; Hara, Kotaro; Milland, Kristy; Callison-Burch, Chris
作者单位：University of Oxford; Singapore Management University; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：This paper analyzes gender differences in working patterns and wages on Amazon Mechanical Turk, a popular online labor platform. Using information on 2 million tasks, we find no gender differences in task selection nor experience. Nonetheless, women earn 20% less per hour on average. Gender differences in working patterns are a significant driver of this wage gap. Women are more likely to interrupt their working time on the platform with consequences for their task completion speed. A followup...
-
作者：Ding, Hui; Duggan, Mark; Starc, Amanda
作者单位：Fudan University; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：We study Medicare's competitive bidding program for durable medical equipment. We use Medicare claims data to examine the effect on prices and utilization, focusing on continuous positive airway pressure devices for sleep apnea. We find that spending falls by 47.2% after a highly imperfect bidding mechanism is introduced. This is almost entirely driven by a 44.8% price reduction, though quantities also fall by 4.3%. To disentangle supply and demand, we leverage differential cost sharing across...
-
作者：Tannenbaum, David; Cohn, Alain; Zund, Christian Lukas; Marechal, Michel Andre
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Zurich; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We assess the predictive power of survey measures of social capital with a new behavioral data set that examines whether citizens report a lost wallet to its owner. Using data from more than 17,000 lost wallets across 40 countries, we find that survey measures of social capital-especially questions concerning generalized trust or generalized morality-are strongly and significantly correlated with country-level differences in wallet reporting rates. A second finding is that lost wallet reportin...
