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作者：Babcock, Philip; Bedard, Kelly; Fischer, Stefanie; Hartman, John
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Bureau of Economic Research; IZA Institute Labor Economics; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
摘要：This paper investigates peer effects al the level of individual connections, leveraging the approach to shed light on peer mechanisms. In a field experiment using college freshmen, we elicited best friends and offered monetary incentives for gym visits to a treated subset. We find large spillovers from treated subjects to treated best friends but none from treated subjects to control best friends. We also find evidence of a mechanism: Subjects coordinate by visiting the gym with best friends, ...
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作者：Gugler, Klaus; Weichselbaumer, Michael; Zulehner, Christine
作者单位：Vienna University of Economics & Business; University of Vienna; IMT - Institut Mines-Telecom; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Telecom Paris; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：To estimate the differential effects of increased product demand on the demand for labor before and during the recent economic crisis, we use a combination of detailed employment data and the outcomes of public procurement auctions. We compare the employment reactions of the winner of an auction with the employment reactions of the second ranked firm (i.e., the runner-up firm). Assuming similar ex-ante winning probabilities for both firms, we view winning an auction as an exogenous shock to a ...
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作者：Luca, Michael; Malhotra, Deepak; Poliquin, Christopher
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：There have been dozens of high-profile mass shootings in recent decades. This paper presents three main findings about the impact of mass shootings on gun policy. First, mass shootings evoke large policy responses. A single mass shooting leads to a 15% increase in the number of firearm bills introduced within a state in the year after a mass shooting. This effect increases with the extent of media coverage. Second, mass shootings account for a small portion of all gun deaths, but have an outsi...
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作者：Immordino, Giovanni; Piccolo, Salvatore; Roberti, Paolo
作者单位：University of Naples Federico II; University of Bergamo
摘要：Westudy a simple law-enforcementmodelwhere the organizational structure of a criminal group is endogenous and determined jointly with the amnesty granted to whistleblowers. We allow criminals to choose between a horizontal (partnership) and a vertical (hierarchical) organization structure, andwe study howthis choice affects the optimal leniency granted by a benevolent Legislator whose aim is to minimize crime. We show that the optimal amnestywith an endogenous organizational choice is less len...
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作者：Agrawal, David R.; Wildasin, David E.
作者单位：University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Oxford
摘要：Technological innovations facilitating e-commerce have had major effects on consumer behavior and firm organization in the retail sector, but the effects of these new transaction technologies on fiscal systems remain unknown. We extend models of commodity tax competition to include multiple types of commodities, trade, and remote commerce, assuming, in accordance with current policy, that e-commerce is taxed at destination while cross-border shopping is taxed at origin. When the cost of online...
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作者：Carril, Rodrigo; Duggan, Mark
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We study the relationship between market structure and public procurement outcomes. In particular, we ask whether and to what extent consolidation-driven increases in industry concentration affect the way in which the government procures its goods and services. We focus on the defense industry, by far the largest contributor to federal procurement spending in the US. This industry experienced a sharp increase in the level of concentration during the 1990s, driven by a series of large mergers b...
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作者：Boning, William C.; Guyton, John; Hodge, Ronald; Slemrod, Joel
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：Tax enforcement may have deterrent effects that extend beyond directly treated taxpayers, but evidence of such deterrent effects for major sources of revenue is limited. This paper studies the effects of a large-scale field experiment on employer deposits that make up most US. tax collections. In-person visits by Revenue Officers have a large direct effect on visited firms' tax deposits. The other clients of visited firms' tax preparers also deposit more tax, a network effect that suggests pre...
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作者：Humphries, John Eric; Neilson, Christopher A.; Ulyssea, Gabriel
作者单位：Yale University; Princeton University; University of Oxford
摘要：The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) extended 669 billion dollars of forgivable loans in an unprecedented effort to support small businesses affected by the COVID-19 crisis. This paper provides evidence that information frictions and the first-come, first-served design of the PPP program skewed its resources towards larger firms and may have permanently reduced its effectiveness. Using new daily survey data on small businesses in the US., we show that the smallest businesses were less aware o...
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作者：Friedman, John; Kopczuk, Wojciech
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作者：Rauh, Joshua D.; Stefanescu, Irina; Zeldes, Stephen P.
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Columbia University
摘要：Companies that freeze defined benefit pension plans save the equivalent of 13.5% of the long-horizon payroll of current employees. Furthermore, firms with higher prospective accruals are more likely to freeze their plans. Cost savings would not be possible in a benchmark model in which i) all workers receive compensation equal to their marginal product and ii) workers value equally all identical-cost forms of pension benefits. We find evidence consistent both with firms' reneging on implicit c...
