-
作者:California Institute of Technology
-
作者:Harvard University
摘要:Why did independent inventors account for over half of U.S. patents by 1930 and more than three times the number granted to R&D firms? Using new data on patents and historical patent citations, I show that independents supplied high-quality innovations to a geographically broad market for ideas. Those close to large urban centers developed some of the most significant technological advances. Demand for independent inventions remained high during the growth of the corporate economy as firms con...
-
作者:California Institute of Technology
-
作者:Duke University
-
作者:Bryn Mawr College; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要:This article uses data from Major League Baseball's integration to identify the sources and magnitude of labor market discrimination. Returns to hiring black workers in this industry were high, and the industry's labor supply was uniquely suited for rapid integration, yet integration evolved slowly. Many explanations for this sluggishness are considered, including both taste-based and statistical discrimination. Ultimately, only owner and collective coworker discrimination can explain baseball...
-
作者:Vanderbilt University; National Bureau of Economic Research
-
作者:University of Munich
-
作者:University of California System; University of California Davis
摘要:Three factors help to explain why school enrollments in the Northern United States were higher than those in the South and in most of Europe by 1850. One was affordability: the Northern schools had lower direct costs relative to income. The second was the greater autonomy of local governments. The third was the greater diffusion of voting power among the citizenry in much of the North, especially in rural communities. The distribution of local political voice appears to be a robust predictor o...
-
作者:University of California System; University of California Merced
-
作者:Kyungpook National University (KNU)