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作者：Liu, Chong; Lu, Wenyi; Yuan, Ye
作者单位：Peking University; Peking University
摘要：What promotes female empowerment and gender equality? We investigate how internal population mobility and social interaction foster the advancement of female empowerment and gender equality across diverse subpopulations. Using the urban-to-rural youth resettlement program in China during the 1970s - the Send- down Movement - as our empirical context, we find that rural females with greater exposure to urban youths have achieved higher levels of education, increased labor force participation, g...
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作者：Bossavie, Laurent; Goerlach, Joseph-Simon; Oezden, Caglar; Wang, He
作者单位：The World Bank; Bocconi University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Bocconi University; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：New survey data from Bangladesh provide direct evidence that temporary migration is an effective strategy for workers to accumulate capital and finance self-employment activities back home. We estimate a dynamic model of temporary migration and entrepreneurial investment under constraints, which we use for policy analysis. Lowering of migration costs increases emigration, reduces the age at which workers depart and the duration of their time abroad, which together lead to higher savings and do...
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作者：Chen, Yutong; Chiplunkar, Gaurav; Sekhri, Sheetal; Sen, Anirban; Seth, Aaditeshwar
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Arlington; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Ashoka University; Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Delhi
摘要：We use a new machine learning-enabled, social network based measurement technique to assemble a novel dataset of firms' political connections in India. Combining it with along panel of detailed financial transactions of firms, we study how firms leverage these connections during an economic downturn. Using a synthetic difference-in-differences framework, we find that connected firms had 8%-10% higher income, sales, and TFPR gains that were persistent for over a three-year period following the ...
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作者：Hidalgo-Arestegui, Alessandra; Porter, Catherine; Sanchez, Alan; Singhal, Saurabh
作者单位：Lancaster University; University of Oxford
摘要：This paper estimates the intergenerational impacts of mothers' exposure to the 1980-2000 Peruvian civil conflict on their children's socio-emotional skills development. We combine longitudinal data, which measures skills across a child's life, with historical geo-located conflict data. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in conflict episodes, we find that mothers' exposure to conflict has adverse intergenerational effects on their children's socio-emotional outcomes of agency and pride. ...
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作者：Deutschmann, Joshua W.; Duru, Maya; Siegal, Kim; Tjernstrom, Emilia
作者单位：University of Chicago; Mathematica; Monash University
摘要：No single constraint can explain the stagnant agricultural productivity growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Most interventions that relax individual barriers to productivity have delivered disappointing results. We evaluate an at-scale program that targets several productivity constraints with a bundled intervention, using a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya. Program participation increases maize yields by 26%, total maize output by 24%, and profits by 18%. While we cannot directly test w...
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作者：Krishna, Kala; Salamanca, Carlos; Suzuki, Yuta; Martincus, Christian Volpe
作者单位：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; National Bureau of Economic Research; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Inter-American Development Bank
摘要：Meeting Rules of Origin (ROOs) in order to obtain lower tariffs in a Preferential Trading Area (PTA) is costly both in terms of production costs and fixed documentation costs. Using a model-based approach that corrects for endogeneity and a unique exporter-importer matched transaction-level customs dataset from Latin American countries, we show that preference usage patterns suggest that these fixed costs fall with exporters' experience in preference utilization, particularly that in the same ...
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作者：Jimenez, Bruno; Rendon, Silvio
作者单位：New York University
摘要：In early 2022, Peru enacted regulations to curtail widespread outsourcing, limiting it to activities outside a firm's core functions. Utilizing quarterly data from Peru's National Household Surveys (ENAHO) from 2021 to 2022 and yearly data from 2023, this study applies difference-in-differences techniques to assess short-term labor market outcomes. Results show that while outsourcing decreased by 1.7 percentage points, the restrictions had no significant adverse effects on employment, wages, o...
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作者：Agarwal, Sumit; Tantri, Prasanna; Vishen, Nitin
作者单位：National University of Singapore; Indian School of Business (ISB); Indian Institute of Management (IIM System); Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
摘要：Theoretically, it is unclear whether group loans outperform individual loans in terms of delinquency, especially during a crisis. It is difficult to test the hypothesis due to differences in the types of borrowers of the group and individual loans and likely differences in their behavior between crises and normal times. We overcome the challenge by comparing simultaneous group and individual loans of the same individual before and during the Covid-19 crisis in India. We find that the delinquen...
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作者：Lediga, Collen; Riedel, Nadine; Strohmaier, Kristina
作者单位：Ruhr University Bochum; University of Munster; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Duisburg Essen
摘要：A significant share of firms in developing countries is not registered for income taxation. Expanding the tax net is a priority for many governments, but most formalization policies proved relatively ineffective in bringing firms into the tax net. Drawing on rich tax administrative data, we document that snapshot-synchronizations of the business tax and the commercial registry in South Africa led to a large-scale expansion of the South African business taxpayer net. While the targeted firms ar...
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作者：Liu, Kevin Zhengcheng; Zhang, Xiaoming
作者单位：Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University
摘要：Public organizations are often characterized by rigid rules and procedures. Can discretion in personnel decisions improve governance performance? This paper investigates how discretion in internal appointments affects the functioning of public organizations. We study an organizational reform in China's imperial bureaucracy that modified the appointments of certain governorships from a rule-based process to amore discretionary method. We find that discretionary appointments improved public good...
