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作者：Mettetal, Elizabeth
作者单位：ABT Associates
摘要：Irrigation dams enable farmers to harness substantial water resources. However, their use consumes finite water supplies and recycles agricultural water pollutants back into river systems. This paper examines the net effect of irrigation dams on infant mortality in South Africa. It relies on both fixed effects and instrumental variables approaches to counteract potential bias associated with non-random dam placement, with the latter approach predicting dam placement based on geographic feature...
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作者：Shi, Jiao
作者单位：Peking University; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School (PKU Shenzhen)
摘要：It has long been observed that a country tends to receive increased net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow when its currency depreciates. We build an open-economy macroeconomic model that accounts for the positive correlation, and re-examine the welfare implications of FDI, focusing mainly on the short run. We show that short-run FDI fluctuations exacerbate utility loss over business cycles in an environment with monetary shocks, but have little impact on welfare over business cycles cause...
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作者：Helfand, Steven M.; Sielawa, Vilma H.; Singhania, Deepak
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Riverside; Saint Mary's College of California
摘要：This paper provides an impact evaluation of the Programa Nacional de Credito Fandiario, a market assisted land reform program in Brazil. The paper uses a panel dataset and pipeline control group to evaluate the program's impact on agricultural production and earned income, using a difference-in-differences model with either municipal or individual fixed effects. The heterogeneous effect of additional years of land ownership is investigated. The findings suggest that the program increases produ...
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作者：Verwimp, Philip; Justino, Patricia; Brueck, Tilman
作者单位：Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Solvay SA; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Gemuse- und Zierpflanzenbau (IGZ)
摘要：In our brief review, we take stock of the emergence, in the last decade, of the microeconomics of violent conflict as a new subfield of empirical development economics. We start by de-bunking common misperceptions about the microeconomics of conflict and identify several contributions to economic theory and, in particular, to empirics, methods and data. We also show how the subfield is enriched through cooperation with scholars working in related disciplines. We expect future work to contribut...
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作者：Blimpo, Moussa P.; Pugatch, Todd
作者单位：The World Bank; Oregon State University; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：In Rwanda, 72 percent of employed youth work for family firms or are self-employed. These outcomes suggest that schools may be failing to develop the skills required to enter formal sector jobs or grow small firms. In response, Rwanda reformed its required upper secondary entrepreneurship course by introducing interactive pedagogy and a focus on business skills. Merely mandating adoption of a new curriculum may be insufficient for teachers to implement it effectively, however. This study exami...
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作者：Chankrajang, Thanyaporn
作者单位：Chulalongkorn University
摘要：The paper investigates impacts of assigning greater property rights in common-pool natural resources to local communities on environmental outcomes. Based on the forest-level dataset constructed by the GIS technique, the paper utilises the variation in forest property-rights sharing between the communities and the state, across 1197 reserve forests in Thailand from 2000 to 2017. It finds that under the instrumental variables strategy, forests with more extensive community forestry are signific...
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作者：Madsen, Jakob B.
作者单位：Monash University; University of Western Australia
摘要：This paper constructs annual data for the wealth-income ratio, W-Y, for the UK over the period 1210-2013. It is found that the W-Y ratio has fluctuated at one-two century frequencies about a constant level of approximately 500% over the past eight centuries. Furthermore, a U-shaped W-Y path is identified over the past two centuries and it is argued that the descending part of the U-shape is driven by the transition from pre-industrial modes of production to industrialization and that the post-...
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作者：Wu, Bingxiao
作者单位：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
摘要：This paper examines how physicians respond to financial incentives in China. Faced with the requirement to lower drug expenditure as a percentage of the total medical expenditure, physicians increased non-drug expenditure in addition to decreasing drug expenditure, keeping the total expenditure at the historical level. This shift in the expenditure mix was observed only among insured patients, highlighting the role of patient insurance status in affecting the extent to which physician agency d...
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作者：Margitic, Juan; Ravallion, Martin
作者单位：Georgetown University
摘要：It is theoretically ambiguous whether people in richer countries have a higher floor to their living standards. Nor is it clear whether social protection spending reaches the poorest and thus lifts the floor. Across countries, the paper finds that higher mean incomes come with a higher floor. The bulk of this is direct rather than via public spending on social protection. Social insurance (mainly public pensions) does the heavy lifting of the floor. Social assistance (mainly targeted cash-tran...
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作者：Clemens, Michael A.; Pritchett, Lant
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：Migration barriers tend to reduce global production by impeding efficient spatial reallocation of labor. Recent research argues for a countervailing effect of barriers, tending to raise global production by preventing the spread of impoverishing institutions from poor to rich countries. While evidence of this mechanism is scarce, it is theoretically plausible at high migration rates. We propose and calibrate a simple model of dynamically efficient migration when migrants spread economic instit...
