Science

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• Cholinergic feedback for modality- and context-specific modulation of sensory representations AI翻译
  作者：Yu, Bin; Yue, Yuxuan; Ren, Chi; Yun, Rui; Lim, Byungkook; Komiyama, Takaki
  作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
  摘要：The brain's ability to prioritize sensory information is crucial for adaptive behavior, yet its mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated basal forebrain cholinergic neurons modulating olfactory bulb (OB) circuits in mice. The activity of cholinergic feedback axons in OB correlated with orofacial movements, with little responses to passively experienced odors. When mice engaged in an olfactory task, OB cholinergic axons rapidly shifted their response patterns from movement correlated to odor ...
• A near-real-time data-assimilative model of the solar corona AI翻译
  作者：Downs, Cooper; Linker, Jon A.; Caplan, Ronald M.; Mason, Emily I.; Riley, Pete; Davidson, Ryder; Reyes, Andres; Palmerio, Erika; Lionello, Roberto; Turtle, James; Ben-Nun, Michal; Stulajter, Miko M.; Titov, Viacheslav S.; Toeroek, Tibor; Upton, Lisa A.; Attie, Raphael; Jha, Bibhuti K.; Arge, Charles N.; Henney, Carl J.; Valori, Gherardo; Strecker, Hanna; Calchetti, Daniele; Germerott, Dietmar; Hirzberger, Johann; Suarez, David Orozco; Rodriguez, Julian Blanco; Solanki, Sami K.; Cheng, Xin; Wu, Sizhe
  作者单位：Southwest Research Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; George Mason University; United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; Max Planck Society; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Valencia; Nanjing University
  摘要：The Sun's corona is its tenuous outer atmosphere of hot plasma, which is difficult to observe. Most models of the corona extrapolate its magnetic field from that measured on the photosphere (the Sun's optical surface) over a full 27-day solar rotational period, providing a time-stationary approximation. We present a model of the corona that evolves continuously in time, by assimilating photospheric magnetic field observations as they become available. This approach reproduces dynamical feature...
• Greener green and bluer blue: Ocean poleward greening over the past two decades AI翻译
  作者：Zhao, Haipeng; Manizza, Manfredi; Lozier, M. Susan; Cassar, Nicolas
  作者单位：Duke University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
  摘要：Although the global greening associated with climate change is well documented on land, similar trends in the ocean have not been thoroughly identified. Using satellite observations of ocean chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration, we show that the surface ocean experienced a poleward greening from 2003 to 2022. Contemporaneously, the subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere experienced a decrease in Chl. As such, the latitudinal disparity in Chl, as documented by an inequality index, has been...
• Plastic bag bans and fees reduce harmful bag litter on shorelines AI翻译
  作者：Papp, Anna; Oremus, Kimberly L.
  作者单位：Columbia University; University of Delaware; University of Delaware; University of Delaware
  摘要：Plastic pollution threatens marine and freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. Although plastic bag bans and taxes are increasingly implemented worldwide, their effectiveness in reducing plastic litter remains unknown. Leveraging the patchwork of bag policies across different geographic scales in the United States and citizen science data on 45,067 shoreline cleanups, we assess the impact of these policies on plastic bag litter. We find that plastic bag policies lead to a 25 to 47...
• Molecular evolution of sour tolerance in birds AI翻译
  作者：Zhang, Hao; Luo, Lei; Liang, Qiaoyi; Tian, Lifeng; Shao, Yong; Zhang, Xiuping; Cao, Kaixun; Luo, Anna; Wang, Chengsan; Kamau, Peter Muiruri; Wu, Dong-Dong; Baldwin, Maude W.; Lai, Ren
  作者单位：Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS
  摘要：Taste is crucial in shaping animal perception. Sourness, one of the primary tastes, is aversive in mammals, whereas many birds frequently consume acidic fruits, suggesting a potential tolerance. Our study uncovers a mechanism enabling avian sour tolerance that involves changes to the sour receptor [otopetrin 1 (OTOP1)]. We demonstrate that sour tolerance is a conserved trait in birds, with avian OTOP1 exhibiting acid-induced inhibition and OTOP1 modulation affecting sour perception and toleran...
• Sleep need-dependent plasticity of a thalamic circuit promotes homeostatic recovery sleep AI翻译
  作者：Lee, Sang Soo; Liu, Qiang; Cheng, Alexandra H. R.; Kim, Dong Won; Boudreau, Daphne M.; Mehta, Anuradha; Keles, Mehmet F.; Fejfer, Rafal; Palmer, Isabelle; Park, Kristen H.; Muenzberg, Heike; Harris, Timothy D.; Graves, Austin R.; Blackshaw, Seth; Wu, Mark N.
  作者单位：Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Pennington Biomedical Research Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Aarhus University
  摘要：Prolonged wakefulness leads to persistent, deep recovery sleep (RS). However, the neuronal circuits that mediate this process remain elusive. From a circuit screen in mice, we identified a group of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) neurons activated during sleep deprivation (SD) and required for sleep homeostasis. Optogenetic activation of RE neurons leads to an unusual phenotype: presleep behaviors (grooming and nest organizing) followed by prolonged, intense sleep that resembles RS. Inhibiting ...
• Engineering immunotherapy from within AI翻译
  作者：Peche, Vivek; Gottschalk, Stephen
  作者单位：St Jude Children's Research Hospital
• ASTRONOMY Radio bursts reveal universe's 'missing matter' AI翻译
  作者：Clery, Daniel
• Astrocytes, hidden puppet masters of the brain by C. Eroglu (Vol 388, 705-706, 2025) AI翻译
  作者：Eroglu, C.
• Limitations of chemical monitoring hinder aquatic risk evaluations on the macroscale AI翻译
  作者：Bub, Sascha; Petschick, Lara L.; Stehle, Sebastian; Wolfram, Jakob; Schulz, Ralf
  摘要：Macroscale evaluations of chemical monitoring data require the integration of chemical, spatial, and temporal dimensions. Here, we linked 64 million US surface water monitoring records (1900 chemicals, date range 1958 to 2019, 310,000 sites) and 37 million analytical limits and in vivo and in silico toxicity thresholds. We found that the exposure data required for retrospective risk assessment were available for less than 1% of chemicals with potential environmental concern (n approximate to 2...