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作者：Andresen, Martin Eckhoff; Lokken, Sturla A.
作者单位：University of Oslo; Statistics Norway
摘要：We exploit a randomized high-stakes exam in Norwegian high schools to evaluate consequences of exam fail for an academically marginal and policy-relevant group of students. Failing the exam more than doubles the dropout rate. By age 30, we find evidence for lower educational attainment but no significant effects on labor market earnings. This may be explained by flexible pathways in the educational system: failing students are more likely to switch to vocational training and be self-employed i...
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作者：Borra, Cristina; Gonzalez, Libertad; Costa-Ramon, Ana; Sevilla, Almudena
作者单位：University of Sevilla; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics; University of Zurich; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We investigate the causal impact of a generous unconditional cash transfer at birth on children's health and academic performance. Using rich administrative data, we take advantage of the unexpected introduction of a baby bonus in Spain in 2007 and implement a difference-in-discontinuity approach comparing children born in the surrounding months in different years. We find little impact on children's health and test scores. We also fail to find meaningful changes in household structure, matern...
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作者：Ost, Ben; Pan, Weixiang; Webber, Douglas
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Shanghai University of Finance & Economics; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors
摘要：We provide the first evidence that the employers of network contacts from college can influence job search success. In contrast to the peer effects literature that emphasizes peer characteristics, we examine how the hiring rate of in-network firms affects reemployment probabilities. To avoid endogeneity from voluntary transitions, we focus on individuals who experience mass layoffs. Using administrative data and a cross-cohort design, we find that network connections with actively hiring emplo...
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作者：Li, Zihao; Liu, Shaoyu
作者单位：Yale University; Columbia University
摘要：This paper studies gender difference in innovation recognition using patent citations. We propose a method to quantify undercitation based on pairwise textual similarity of patents. Both male and female inventors exhibit homophily, underciting patents by inventors of the opposite gender, and this tendency is stronger among female inventors than male inventors. However, female inventors' patents are 12% less likely to be cited overall because female inventors are outnumbered by male inventors (...
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作者：Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas
作者单位：McGill University
摘要：Using Canadian administrative data, I study the careers of young entrepreneurs and the heterogeneity among them. I investigate both the mechanisms that drive entry into entrepreneurship and the determinants of entrepreneurial success. Empirically, entrepreneurs who have previously worked in high-wage firms tend to do better. I explain this finding using a dynamic model of career choice that features heterogeneous employers, human capital accumulation, and unobserved heterogeneity across indivi...
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作者：Kelley, Erin; Lane, Gregory; Pecenco, Matthew; Rubin, Edward
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; Brown University; University of Oregon
摘要：Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. We measure the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find that the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50% fewer purchases. Customers also lag in responding, are less expressive, and avoid discussing purchases. We show...
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作者：Bolte, Lukas; Immorlica, Nicole; Jackson, Matthew O.
作者单位：Tilburg University; Yale University; Microsoft; Stanford University; The Santa Fe Institute
摘要：We study the consequences of job markets' heavy reliance on referrals. Referrals lead to more opportunities for workers to be hired, which lead to better matches and increased productivity but also disadvantage job seekers with few or no connections to employed workers, increasing inequality. Coupled with homophily, referrals also lead to immobility. We identify conditions under which distributing referrals more evenly reduces inequality and improves future productivity and mobility. We use th...
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作者：Feng, Shuaizhang; Kim, Jun Hyung; Yang, Zhe
作者单位：University of Jinan; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Liaoning University
摘要：Do peers in childhood influence the development of noncognitive skills? Despite a large literature on peer effects, this question remains largely unanswered. In this paper, we use Big Five Inventory measures of personality traits linked to the administrative records of children randomly assigned to primary school classrooms. We find that children exposed to left-behind classmates whose parents have temporarily migrated away for work become less conscientious, agreeable, and emotionally stable....
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作者：Kuhn, Peter; Osaki, Trevor; Yue, Lei
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
摘要：We use a vignette-based survey experiment to elicit respondents' assessments of the fairness of race-based hiring decisions and compare these assessments with the predictions of four preregistered ethical frameworks. While conservative respondents are much more accepting of discriminatory actions than others, respondents of all political leanings rate the relative fairness of different actions in a very similar way. A two-group framework in which one group (mostly self-described conservatives)...
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作者：Phipps, Aaron
摘要：In theory, monitoring can improve employee motivation and effort,particularly in settings lacking measurable outputs, but research as-sessing monitoring as a motivator is limited to laboratory settings.To address this gap, I leverage exogenous variation in the presenceand intensity of teacher monitoring, in the form of unannounced in-class observations as part of DC public schools'IMPACT program.As monitoring intensifies, teachers use more individualized teachingand emphasize higher-level lear...
