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作者：Cremer, H; Gahvari, F
作者单位：Universite de Toulouse; Universite de Toulouse; Institut Universitaire de France; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：This paper studies the problem of the design of an integrated system of second-best emission and output taxes in a model where production costs are negatively correlated with their emissions. It shows that (i) the first-best Pigouvian rule (of equating the marginal private benefit of emissions in production to the marginal social damage of emissions) must be modified in the second best, (ii) implementation of the modified Pigouvian rule requires all firms to face the same marginal emission tax...
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作者：Auten, G; Joulfaian, D
作者单位：United States Department of the Treasury
摘要：Contrary to popular view, capital gains do not escape taxation at death as they are subject to the estate tax. The presence of the step-up in basis increases the lock-in effect of capital gains taxes as individuals are induced to hold assets until death. This effect, however, is mitigated by the estate tax which applies to assets passed to heirs. Using a sample of matched income and estate tax records in a period that straddles significant changes in capital gains and estate tax rates, the est...
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作者：Fullerton, D; Metcalf, GE
作者单位：Tufts University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：One might suppose that an emissions tax has an advantage over command and control (CAC) regulations since it raises revenue that can be used to cut other distorting taxes. In this paper, we show that the focus on revenue raising is misplaced. In a simple analytical general equilibrium model, we show that the same welfare effects of environmental protection can be achieved, by taxes that raise revenue, certain command and control regulations that raise no revenue, and oven subsidies that cost r...
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作者：Wane, W
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Poverty is considered as an aggregate negative externality that may affect people differently depending on their aversion to poverty. If society is on average averse to poverty, then the optimal income tax schedule displays negative marginal tax rates at least for the less skilled individuals. Negative marginal tax rates play the role of a Pigouvian earnings subsidy and foster the supply of labor of poor individuals. The no-distortion at the endpoints result which is therefore violated can be ...
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作者：Schultz, C; Sjöström, T
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
摘要：Migration raises a potential free rider problem for the provision of durable local public goods if the latecomers can enjoy the public good without paying for it. Allowing communities to finance public goods by debt mitigates this problem, since future immigrants have to share the burden of the debt. However, in equilibrium then will be over-accumulation of local debt. There may be more or less public good than at first best, but conditional on the inefficiently high level of debt there will h...
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作者：Andreoni, J; Levinson, A
作者单位：Georgetown University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：Evidence suggests that some pollutants follow an inverse-U-shaped pattern relative to countries' incomes, a relationship that has been called an 'environmental Kuznets curve'. We present a simple and straight-forward static model of the microfoundations of this relationship, in which the curve depends on increasing returns in the technological link between consumption of a desired good and abatement of its undesirable byproduct. The curve does not depend on the dynamics of growth, political in...
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作者：Bradbury, KL; Mayer, CJ; Case, KE
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Boston; Wellesley College
摘要：This paper examines the impact of a specific property tax limit, Proposition 2 1/2 in Massachusetts, on the fiscal behavior of cities and towns in Massachusetts and the capitalization of that behavior into property values. Proposition 2 1/2 places a cap on the effective property tax rate at 2.5% and limits nominal annual growth in property tax revenues to 2.5%, unless residents pass a referendum allowing a greater increase. The study analyzes the 1990-1994 period, a time when Massachusetts mun...
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作者：Mayeres, I; Proost, S
作者单位：KU Leuven
摘要：The paper examines welfare improving revenue neutral marginal policy reforms for an economy with non-identical individuals and an externality with a feedback on the consumption of taxed commodities. The instruments considered are: indirect taxes, the uniform poll transfer and public abatement. This extends the framework of Ahmad and Stern [Journal of Public Economics, 25 (1984) 259-298], Bovenberg and de Mooij [American Economic Review, 84 (1994) 1085-1089] and Schob [Oxford Economic Papers 48...
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作者：Gerlagh, R; Keyzer, MA
作者单位：Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
摘要：The paper describes an OLG economy with a single exhaustible resource that has amenity value. The steady states of this economy form a continuum, implying path-dependency. We compare three policy scenarios; first, a 'zero extraction' policy of enforced conservation that avoids environmental degradation, possibly at the expense of intertemporal efficiency. Second, a 'grandfathering' policy that endows the present generations with all resources, and that ensures efficiency but cannot prevent a p...
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作者：Fong, C
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University
摘要：Preferences for redistribution may be influenced by values and beliefs about distributive justice as well as by self-interest. People may prefer more redistribution to the poor if they believe that poverty is caused by circumstances beyond individual control. Therefore, beliefs about the causes of income may affect demand for redistribution. Alternatively, the effect of these beliefs on redistributive preferences may be spurious if they are correlated with income, and self-interest is not prop...
