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作者：Gradstein, M; Kaganovich, M
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
摘要：Conventional wisdom suggests that aging of population will increase political pressure to tilt the composition of social spending in favor of the elderly, while potentially sacrificing other publicly provided goods such as education. This view seems to be supported by recent empirical findings that per child public education spending tends to be lower in US jurisdictions with higher fraction of elderly residents. Do these cross-sectional findings also carry the dynamic implication that longevi...
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作者：Meyer, BD; Sullivan, JX
作者单位：Northwestern University; Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Notre Dame
摘要：The tax and welfare programs that provide income and in-kind benefits to single mothers have changed dramatically in recent years. These changes began as far back as the mid-1980s and culminated with the 1996 welfare law that 'ended welfare as we knew it.' These tax and welfare changes have sharply increased the employment of single mothers and cut welfare rolls. However, little is know about the effects of these policy changes on the material well-being of single mothers and their children. S...
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作者：Smetters, K; Walliser, J
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; The World Bank
摘要：The liability facing a pay-as-you-go social security system can be calculated in several ways. Many conversions, including that which took place in Chile, and in many plans to convert the U.S. system, assume the largest measure, known as the 'shutdown liability.' This measure pays many workers who have contributed to the public system more money than the public system is actually worth to them, thereby placing a larger burden on future generations. But other liability measures are hard to impl...
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作者：Auerbach, AJ; Bradford, DF
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Princeton University
摘要：We show the unique form that must be taken by a tax system based entirely on realization accounting to implement a uniform capital income tax, or, equivalently, a uniform wealth tax. This system combines elements of an accrual based capital income tax and a traditional cash-flow tax, having many of the attributes of the latter while still imposing a tax burden on marginal capital income. Like the traditional cash-flow tax, this system may be integrated with a tax on labor income. We also show ...
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作者：Milesi-Ferretti, GM
作者单位：International Monetary Fund; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR)
摘要：Do fiscal rules lead to fiscal adjustment, or do they encourage the use of 'creative accounting'? This question is studied with a model in which fiscal rules are imposed on 'measured' fiscal variables, which can differ from 'true' variables because there is a margin for creative accounting. The probability of detecting creative accounting depends on its size and the transparency of the budget. The model studies the effects on fiscal policy of a budget rule, separating structural from cyclical ...
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作者：Auerbach, AJ
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作者：Epple, D; Figlio, D; Romano, R
作者单位：State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Carnegie Mellon University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：When there are peer effects in education, private schools have an incentive to vary tuition to attract relatively able students. Epple and Romano [American Economic Review 88(1) (1998) 33] develop a general equilibrium model characterizing equilibrium pricing and student selection into schools when peer effects are present. The model predicts that competition will lead private schools to give tuition discounts to more able students, and that this will give rise to an equilibrium exhibiting str...
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作者：Sinn, HW
作者单位：Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：A PAYGO system may serve as insurance against not having children and as an enforcement device for ungrateful children who are unwilling to pay their parents a pension. In fact, the latter was Bismarck's historic motive for introducing this system. It is true that the PAYGO system reduces the investment in human capital, but if it is run on a sufficiently small scale, it may nevertheless bring about a welfare improvement. If, on the other hand, the scale of the system is so large that parents ...
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作者：Vlachos, J
作者单位：Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)
摘要：The regional voting pattern of the Swedish European Union (EU)-membership referendum is analyzed to determine voters' preferences over two fiscal regimes: an autonomous Sweden, or Sweden as part of the EU. A major difference between these regimes is that autonomy gives greater national discretion to handle risk-sharing and redistribution between regions. I find that inhabitants of rich and stable regions, with high levels of schooling, small receipts of central government transfers, and trade ...
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作者：Mintz, J; Smart, M
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：We study corporate income taxation when firms operating in multiple jurisdictions can shift income using tax planning strategies. Because income of corporate groups is not consolidated for tax purposes in Canada, firms may use financial techniques, such as lending among affiliates, to reduce subnational corporate taxes. A simple theoretical model shows how income shifting affects real investment, government revenues, and tax base elasticities, depending on whether firms must allocate income to...
