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作者：Hodler, Roland; Valsecchi, Michele; Vesperoni, Alberto
作者单位：University of St Gallen; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; New Economic School; University of London; King's College London
摘要：We know little about how ethnic geography, i.e., the distribution of ethnic groups across space, shapes comparative economic, political and social development. To make progress and to harness the growing availability of spatially explicit data, we need indices summarizing key aspects of ethnic geography. We develop and axiomatize a novel index of ethnic segregation that takes both ethnic and spatial distances between individuals into account. We can decompose this index into indices of general...
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作者：Huh, Jason
作者单位：Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
摘要：One of the main goals of public health insurance expansions is to increase access to health care services, but doing so may require providers to move to previously underserved areas. Whether and to what extent any such relocation occurs remains an open question. I study how providers choose their practice locations in response to Medicaid expansions for one of the most common forms of primary care, dental care services. I find that expansions of adult Medicaid dental benefits increased the num...
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作者：Bergstrom, Katy; Dodds, William
作者单位：The World Bank; Charles River Associates
摘要：Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are a popular type of social welfare program that make payments to households conditional on human capital investments in children. From a targeting perspective, compared to unconditional cash transfers (UCTs), CCTs are costly because they exclude some low-income households as access is tied to normal investments in children. However, we argue that conditionalities on children's school enrollment offer an unexplored targeting benefit over UCTs: CCTs target mon...
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作者：Goolsbee, Austan; Syverson, Chad
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The collapse of economic activity in 2020 from COVID-19 has been immense. An important question is how much of that collapse resulted from government-imposed restrictions versus people voluntarily choosing to stay home to avoid infection. This paper examines the drivers of the economic slowdown using cellular phone records data on customer visits to more than 2.25 million individual businesses across 110 different industries. Comparing consumer behavior over the crisis within the same commutin...
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作者：Barr, Andrew; Bird, Kelli A.; Castleman, Benjamin L.
作者单位：Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of Virginia
摘要：Student loan borrowing for higher education has emerged as a top policy concern. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the impact of an outreach campaign that prompted loan applicants at a large community college to make informed and active borrowing decisions. The intervention led students to reduce their unsubsidized loan borrowing by 7 percent. This resulted in worse academic performance, and increased the likelihood of loan default during the five years after the intervention occurred. Ou...
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作者：Brown, Caitlin; Calvi, Rossella; Penglase, Jacob
作者单位：University of Manchester; Rice University; California State University System; San Diego State University
摘要：Anti-poverty policies often aim to reach poor individuals by targeting poor households. However, intrahousehold inequality may mean some poor individuals reside in non-poor households. Using Bangladeshi data, we first show that undernourished individuals are spread across the household per-capita expenditure distribution. We then quantify the extent of total consumption inequality within families. We apply a novel approach to identify individual-level consumption within a collective household ...
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作者：Cox, Gary W.; Fiva, Jon H.; Smith, Daniel M.; Sorensen, Rune J.
作者单位：Stanford University; BI Norwegian Business School; Columbia University; Columbia University; BI Norwegian Business School
摘要：How do parties motivate candidates to exert effort in closed-list elections, where seat outcomes are uncertain only for candidates in marginal list positions? We argue that parties can solve this moral hazard problem by committing ex ante to allocate higher offices in government, such as cabinet portfolios, monotonically with list rank. Under this schedule of compensation, parties have incentives to rank candidates in order of quality (under some conditions) and candidates have incentives to i...
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作者：Barreca, Alan I.; Neidell, Matthew; Sanders, Nicholas J.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research; Columbia University; Cornell University
摘要：We estimate the effects of long-run pollution exposure on mortality by exploiting the United States Acid Rain Program (ARP) as a natural experiment. We use a difference-in-differences design to compare changes in adult mortality over time driven by installations of sulfur controls on power plants, combined with a model of atmospheric pollution transport. We find that sulfur controls reduced pollution immediately, with smaller relative improvements in the following years. Mortality reductions s...
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作者：Pulejo, Massimo; Querubin, Pablo
作者单位：New York University
摘要：The outbreak of COVID-19 has called for swift action by governments, often involving the adoption of restrictive measures such as lockdowns. In this context, leaders have faced a trade-off between imposing stringent measures to limit the contagion, and minimizing the short-run costs on their national economy, which could impact their electoral prospects. Leveraging on both the timing of elections and the constitutional term limits faced by leaders in presidential systems, we document how incum...
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作者：Gonzalez-Eiras, Martin; Sanz, Carlos
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; Banco de Espana
摘要：We study how electoral systems affect the presence of women in politics in the context of Spanish municipal elections, in which national law mandates that municipalities follow one of two electoral systems: a closed-list system in which voters pick one party-list, or an open-list system, in which voters pick individual candidates. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the closed-list system increases the share of women among candidates, councilors, and mayors, by 4.1, 4.8, and ...
