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作者：Mohimont, Jolan; Perea, Maite de Sola; Zachary, Marie-Denise
作者单位：European Central Bank; National Bank of Belgium; University of Antwerp; European Central Bank; National Bank of Belgium
摘要：We evaluate the welfare effects of the temporary job retention schemes (JRS) implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in a DSGE model with incomplete insurance and heterogeneous agents calibrated to the euro area. JRS have large favorable welfare effects and benefit all households when they are well targeted at potentially viable jobs at risk of being lost. These gains are particularly strong for liquid-asset-poor households, especially for those that are also unemployed or on furlough...
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作者：Breunig, Robert; Deutscher, Nathan; Hamilton, Steven
作者单位：Australian National University; George Washington University
摘要：Australian taxpayers display a clear preference for round numbers for end-of-year tax refunds, bunching at positive and salient thresholds such as the tens, hundreds and thousands. Bunching appears to be driven by tax evasion. Data from audited returns shows that bunching is present in returns before audit, but does not persist post-audit. Tax preparers play an important role, being twice as likely to deliver positive round-number refunds as individuals who file their own tax returns. Preparer...
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作者：Whaley, Christopher M.; Zhao, Xiaoxi
作者单位：Brown University; Boston University; RAND Corporation
摘要：The growth of physician vertical integration raises concerns about distorted referral patterns, higher spending, and market foreclosure. Using 100% Medicare data, we combine reduced-form analysis with a discrete choice model to estimate the effects of physician vertical integration on patients' provider choices and welfare for two common downstreamsurgical procedures. Physician-hospital integration results in an approximately 10% increase in referrals to higher-priced facilities instead of low...
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作者：Boar, Corina; Knowles, Matthew
作者单位：New York University; City St Georges, University of London
摘要：We study optimal taxation in a model with endogenous financial frictions, risky investment and occupational choice, where the wealth distribution affects how efficiently capital is used. The planner chooses linear taxes on wealth, capital and labor income to maximize the steady state utility of a newborn agent. Most agents in the model are poor, leading to an equity motive for taxation. We calibrate the model to the US economy and find low positive levels of optimal capital income and wealth t...
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作者：Loeper, Antoine; Dziuda, Wioletta
作者单位：Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; University of Chicago
摘要：Policy making involves a trade-off between policy responsiveness to changing circumstances and policy stability. Little is known, however, about how this trade-off is resolved in representative democracies. Anecdotal evidence suggests that policies not only fail to respond efficiently to changing circumstances but also change unnecessarily with political turnover. We study this trade-off in a dynamic election model with a voter and two parties with distinct ideologies in which all players incu...
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作者：Grenet, Julien; Gronqvist, Hans; Niknami, Susan
作者单位：Paris School of Economics; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Linnaeus University; Stockholm University
摘要：Electronic monitoring (EM) has emerged as a popular tool for curbing the growth of large prison populations. Evidence on the causal effects of EM on criminal recidivism is, however, limited and it is unclear how this alternative to incarceration affects the labor supply of offenders and the outcomes of their family members. We study the countrywide expansion of EM in Sweden in 1997 wherein offenders sentenced to up to three months in prison were granted the option to substitute incarceration w...
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作者：Neri, Lorenzo
作者单位：University of St Andrews; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：I use mixed-income public housing regenerations in London as a natural experiment to identify how schools affect low-income students' educational achievement when affluent households flow into their neighborhood. I compare student achievement in schools in the same neighborhood located at different distances from a regeneration before and after its completion. I employ a grandfathering instrument for enrollment in treated schools to address potential endogenous mobility. Students exposed to re...
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作者：Garcia-Hombrados, Jorge; Martinez-Matute, Marta; Villa, Carmen
作者单位：Autonomous University of Madrid; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Warwick; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Autonomous University of Madrid
摘要：This paper assesses the effect of the creation of specialised intimate partner violence (IPV) courts on the reporting of IPV, and the incidence of IPV homicides in Spain. We find that the opening of a specialised IPV court increases the reporting of IPV by nearly 122 offences per 100,000 inhabitants, or 28% in the preferred specification. The rise in reporting is primarily driven by an increase in the reporting of moderate offences. We do not find conclusive evidence on the effects of speciali...
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作者：Carozzi, Felipe; Cipullo, Davide; Repetto, Luca
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Uppsala University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：We study how partisan alignment across levels of government affects coalition formation and government stability using a regression discontinuity design and a large dataset of Spanish municipal elections. We document a positive effect of alignment on both government formation and stability. Alignment increases the probability that the most-voted party appoints the mayor and decreases the probability that the government is unseated during the term. Aligned parties also obtain sizeable electoral...
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作者：Levere, Michael; Hemmeter, Jeffrey; Wittenburg, David
作者单位：Westat
摘要：We explore how schools affect children's applications to Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, schools varied in offering virtual or in-person learning during the 2020-21 school year. We use this variation to better understand the way schools, potentially through teacher referrals and informal networks, influence SSI applications. We find that applications were nearly 20 percent lower in counties with virtual learning relative to counties where all learning was ...
