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作者：Clerides, Sofronis; Courty, Pascal
作者单位：University of Cyprus; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of Victoria
摘要：Quantity surcharges occur when retailers carry a product in two sizes and offer a promotion on the small size: the large size then costs more per unit than the small one. When quantity surcharges occur, sales of the large size decline only slightly even though the same quantity can be purchased for less. We document this behavior in two data sets and four product categories. It is consistent with the notion of passive shoppers found in the industrial organization literature and the notion of r...
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作者：Krueger, Alan B.; Mas, Alexandre; Niu, Xiaotong
作者单位：Princeton University; Congressional Budget Office
摘要：We document that rotation group biasthe tendency for the unemployment rate to vary systematically by month in samplein the Current Population Survey (CPS) has worsened over time. Estimated unemployment rates for earlier rotation groups have grown sharply relative to later rotation groups; both should be nationally representative samples. This bias increased discretely after the 1994 CPS redesign, and rising nonresponse rates are likely a significant contributor. Survey nonresponse increased af...
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作者：Monteiro, Joana; Rocha, Rudi
作者单位：Getulio Vargas Foundation; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
摘要：This paper examines the effects of gunfights between drug gangs in Rio de Janeiro's favelas on student achievement. We explore variation in violence that occurs across time and space when gangs battle over territories. Within-school estimates indicate that students' scores are lower in math in years in which they are exposed to drug battles. The effect increases with conflict intensity, duration, and proximity to exam dates and decreases with the distance between the school and the conflict lo...
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作者：Papageorgiou, Chris; Saam, Marianne; Schulte, Patrick
作者单位：International Monetary Fund; Leibniz Association; Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW)
摘要：In macroeconomic models, the elasticity of substitution between clean and dirty energy inputs within the energy aggregate is a central parameter in assessing the necessary conditions for long-run green growth. Using new sectoral data in a panel of 26 countries, we formulate specifications of nested constant elasticity of substitution production functions that allow estimating this parameter for the first time. We present evidence that it significantly exceeds unity, a favorable condition for p...
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作者：Jarocinski, Marek; Mackowiak, Bartosz
作者单位：European Central Bank; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：We derive a closed-form expression for the posterior probability of Granger noncausality in a gaussian vector autoregression with a conjugate prior. We also express in closed form the posterior probability of Granger causal priority, a more general relation that accounts for indirect effects between variables and therefore is suitable in a multivariate context. One can use these results to answer the classic question, Is variable z relevant for variable x? and to choose variables for a vector ...
