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作者：Tian, Skye Yunshu; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Condamine, Fabien L.; Huang, Huai-Hsuan M.; Fernando, Allan Gil S.; Aguilar, Yolanda M.; Pandita, Hita; Irizuki, Toshiaki; Iwatani, Hokuto; Shin, Caren P.; Renema, Willem; Kase, Tomoki
作者单位：University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; University of Bonn; City University of Hong Kong; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Princeton University; University of the Philippines System; University of the Philippines Diliman; Shimane University; Yamaguchi University; Cornell University; Naturalis Biodiversity Center; University of Amsterdam; National Museum of Nature and Science
摘要：The region with the highest marine biodiversity on our planet is known as the Coral Triangle or Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA)1,2. Its enormous biodiversity has long attracted the interest of biologists; however, the detailed evolutionary history of the IAA biodiversity hotspot remains poorly understood3. Here we present a high-resolution reconstruction of the Cenozoic diversity history of the IAA by inferring speciation-extinction dynamics using a comprehensive fossil dataset. We found tha...
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作者：Santos, Antonio J. M.; van Unen, Vincent; Lin, Zhongqi; Chirieleison, Steven M.; Ha, Nhi; Batish, Arpit; Chan, Joshua E.; Cedano, Jose; Zhang, Elisa T.; Mu, Qinghui; Guh-Siesel, Alexander; Tomaske, Madeline; Colburg, Deana; Varma, Sushama; Choi, Shannon S.; Christophersen, Asbjorn; Baghdasaryan, Ani; Yost, Kathryn E.; Karlsson, Kasper; Ha, Andrew; Li, Jing; Dai, Hongjie; Sellers, Zachary M.; Chang, Howard Y.; Dunn, James C. Y.; Zhang, Bing M.; Mellins, Elizabeth D.; Sollid, Ludvig M.; Fernandez-Becker, Nielsen Q.; Davis, Mark M.; Kuo, Calvin J.
作者单位：Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Oslo; University of Oslo; University of Oslo; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
摘要：In vitro models of autoimmunity are constrained by an inability to culture affected epithelium alongside the complex tissue-resident immune microenvironment. Coeliac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease in which dietary gluten-derived peptides bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II human leukocyte antigen molecules (HLA)-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 to initiate immune-mediated duodenal mucosal injury(1-4). Here, we generated air-liquid interface (ALI) duodenal organoids from intact fr...
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作者：Heidt, Amanda
摘要：The fast-growing discipline needs more scientists from under-represented groups. A raft of initiatives is rising to the challenge.
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作者：Querlioz, Damien
作者单位：Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Cite
摘要：Systems that emulate biological neural networks offer an efficient way of running AI algorithms, but they can't be trained using the conventional approach. The symmetry of these 'physical' networks provides a neat solution.
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作者：Dai, Yao; Idorn, Manja; Serrero, Manutea C.; Pan, Xiaoyong; Thomsen, Emil A.; Narita, Ryo; Maimaitili, Muyesier; Qian, Xiaoqing; Iversen, Marie B.; Reinert, Line S.; Flygaard, Rasmus K.; Chen, Muwan; Ding, Xiangning; Zhang, Bao-cun; Carter-Timofte, Madalina E.; Lu, Qing; Jiang, Zhuofan; Zhong, Yiye; Zhang, Shuhui; Da, Lintai; Zhu, Jinwei; Denham, Mark; Nissen, Poul; Mogensen, Trine H.; Mikkelsen, Jacob Giehm; Zhang, Shen-Ying; Casanova, Jean-Laurent; Cai, Yujia; Paludan, Soren R.
作者单位：Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Aarhus University; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Aarhus University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Rockefeller University; Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Gothenburg
摘要：The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation(1,2). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis(3). It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the c...
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作者：Dubovik, Tania; Lukacisin, Martin; Starosvetsky, Elina; Leroy, Benjamin; Normand, Rachelly; Admon, Yasmin; Alpert, Ayelet; Ofran, Yishai; G'Sell, Max; Shen-Orr, Shai S.
作者单位：Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Carnegie Mellon University; Rambam Health Care Campus; Nike Inc; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Rambam Health Care Campus; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shaare Zedek Medical Center
摘要：An essential prerequisite for evolution by natural selection is variation among individuals in traits that affect fitness1. The ability of a system to produce selectable variation, known as evolvability2, thus markedly affects the rate of evolution. Although the immune system is among the fastest-evolving components in mammals3, the sources of variation in immune traits remain largely unknown4,5. Here we show that an important determinant of the immune system's evolvability is its organization...
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作者：Gulland, Anne
摘要：Do fewer things, work at a natural pace and obsess over quality, says computer scientist Cal Newport, in his latest time-management book.
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作者：Xue, Zhiwei; Zhou, Tiankuang; Xu, Zhihao; Yu, Shaoliang; Dai, Qionghai; Fang, Lu
作者单位：Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Tsinghua University; Zhejiang Laboratory; Tsinghua University
摘要：Optical computing promises to improve the speed and energy efficiency of machine learning applications1-6. However, current approaches to efficiently train these models are limited by in silico emulation on digital computers. Here we develop a method called fully forward mode (FFM) learning, which implements the compute-intensive training process on the physical system. The majority of the machine learning operations are thus efficiently conducted in parallel on site, alleviating numerical mod...
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作者：Vorlaender, Matthias K.; Rothe, Patricia; Kleifeld, Justus; Cormack, Eric D.; Veleti, Lalitha; Riabov-Bassat, Daria; Fin, Laura; Phillips, Alex W.; Cochella, Luisa; Plaschka, Clemens
作者单位：Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Medical University of Vienna; University of Vienna; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Medical University of Vienna; Johns Hopkins University
摘要：Precursor-mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing requires the assembly, remodelling and disassembly of the multi-megadalton ribonucleoprotein complex called the spliceosome1. Recent studies have shed light on spliceosome assembly and remodelling for catalysis2-6, but the mechanism of disassembly remains unclear. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of nematode and human terminal intron lariat spliceosomes along with biochemical and genetic data. Our results uncover how four disassembly factors...
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作者：Tollefson, Jeff
摘要：Unions are joining the Biden administration's campaign to promote scientific integrity and protect government scientists from political interference.
