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作者：Efferson, Charles; Bernhard, Helen; Fischbacher, Urs; Fehr, Ernst
作者单位：University of Lausanne; University of Zurich; University of Konstanz
摘要：Repeated interactions provide an evolutionary explanation for one-shot human cooperation that is counterintuitive but orthodox(1-3). Intergroup competition(4-7) provides an explanation that is intuitive but heterodox. Here, using models and a behavioural experiment, we show that neither mechanism reliably supports cooperation. Ambiguous reciprocity, a class of strategies that is generally ignored in models of reciprocal altruism, undermines cooperation under repeated interactions. This finding...
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作者：Carr, Catherine E.
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：Scientists have long sought to explain how fish can sense the direction of sound, given the challenges that hearing underwater poses. An experimental study testing a variety of models now provides some answers.
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作者：Mallapaty, Smriti
摘要：As the patents on various weight-loss drugs near expiry, companies in India and China are vying to make lower-cost versions that will widen access to such treatments.
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作者：Sproncken, Christian C. M.; Liu, Peng; Monney, Justin; Fall, William S.; Pierucci, Carolina; Scholten, Philip B. V.; Van Bueren, Brian; Penedo, Marcos; Fantner, Georg Ernest; Wensink, Henricus H.; Steiner, Ullrich; Weder, Christoph; Bruns, Nico; Mayer, Michael; Ianiro, Alessandro
作者单位：University of Fribourg; University of Fribourg; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Saclay; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; University of Strathclyde; Technical University of Darmstadt; Technical University of Darmstadt
摘要：Membranes are widely used for separation processes in applications such as water desalination, batteries and dialysis, and are crucial in key sectors of our economy and society(1). The majority of technologically exploited membranes are based on solid polymers and function as passive barriers, whose transport characteristics are governed by their chemical composition and nanostructure. Although such membranes are ubiquitous, it has proved challenging to maximize selectivity and permeability in...
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作者：Qi, Lijun; Iskols, Michael; Greenberg, Rachel S.; Xiao, Jia Yin; Handler, Annie; Liberles, Stephen D.; Ginty, David D.
作者单位：Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
摘要：Krause corpuscles, which were discovered in the 1850s, are specialized sensory structures found within the genitalia and other mucocutaneous tissues 1-4 . The physiological properties and functions of Krause corpuscles have remained unclear since their discovery. Here we report the anatomical and physiological properties of Krause corpuscles of the mouse clitoris and penis and their roles in sexual behaviour. We observed a high density of Krause corpuscles in the clitoris compared with the pen...
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作者：Barquera, Rodrigo; Del Castillo-Chavez, Oana; Naegele, Kathrin; Perez-Ramallo, Patxi; Hernandez-Zaragoza, Diana Iraiz; Szolek, Andras; Rohrlach, Adam Benjamin; Librado, Pablo; Childebayeva, Ainash; Bianco, Raffaela Angelina; Penman, Bridget S.; Acuna-Alonzo, Victor; Lucas, Mary; Lara-Riegos, Julio Cesar; Moo-Mezeta, Maria Ermila; Torres-Romero, Julio Cesar; Roberts, Patrick; Kohlbacher, Oliver; Warinner, Christina; Krause, Johannes
作者单位：Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; University of Basque Country; Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Adelaide; Pompeu Fabra University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-UPF - Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (IBE); University of Warwick; University of Warwick; Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan; Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital; Harvard University; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：The ancient city of Chichen Itza in Yucatan, Mexico, was one of the largest and most influential Maya settlements during the Late and Terminal Classic periods (ad 600-1000) and it remains one of the most intensively studied archaeological sites in Mesoamerica(1-4). However, many questions about the social and cultural use of its ceremonial spaces, as well as its population's genetic ties to other Mesoamerican groups, remain unanswered(2). Here we present genome-wide data obtained from 64 subad...
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作者：Jaffe, Yitzchak; Caramanica, Ari; Price, Max
作者单位：University of Haifa; Vanderbilt University; Durham University
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作者：Dong, Zehao; Huo, Mengwu; Li, Jie; Li, Jingyuan; Li, Pengcheng; Sun, Hualei; Gu, Lin; Lu, Yi; Wang, Meng; Wang, Yayu; Chen, Zhen
作者单位：Tsinghua University; Sun Yat Sen University; Sun Yat Sen University; Nanjing University; Nanjing University; Tsinghua University; Sun Yat Sen University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures (CICAM); Nanjing University; Hefei National Laboratory; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS
摘要：The recent discovery of superconductivity in La3Ni2O7-delta under high pressure with a transition temperature around 80 K (ref. 1) has sparked extensive experimental(2-6) and theoretical efforts(7-12). Several key questions regarding the pairing mechanism remain to be answered, such as the most relevant atomic orbitals and the role of atomic deficiencies. Here we develop a new, energy-filtered, multislice electron ptychography technique, assisted by electron energy-loss spectroscopy, to addres...
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作者：Gruber, Christoph G.; Frey, Laura; Guntermann, Roman; Medina, Dana D.; Cortes, Emiliano
作者单位：University of Munich; University of Munich; University of Munich
摘要：Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a functional material class able to harness, convert and store energy. However, after almost 20 years of research, there are no coherent prediction rules for their synthesis conditions. This is partly because of an incomplete picture of nucleation and growth at the early stages of formation. Here we use the optical technique interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT)(1-3) for in operando studies of COF polymerization and framework formation. We observe...
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作者：Sing, David K.; Rustamkulov, Zafar; Thorngren, Daniel P.; Barstow, Joanna K.; Tremblin, Pascal; de Oliveira, Catarina Alves; Beck, Tracy L.; Birkmann, Stephan M.; Challener, Ryan C.; Crouzet, Nicolas; Espinoza, Nestor; Ferruit, Pierre; Giardino, Giovanna; Gressier, Amelie; Lee, Elspeth K. H.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Maiolino, Roberto; Manjavacas, Elena; Rauscher, Bernard J.; Sirianni, Marco; Valenti, Jeff A.
作者单位：Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Open University - UK; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; European Space Agency; European Space Astronomy Center; Space Telescope Science Institute; Cornell University; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of Bern; University of Cambridge; Space Telescope Science Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Space Telescope Science Institute
摘要：Observations of transiting gas giant exoplanets have revealed a pervasive depletion of methane 1-4 , which has only recently been identified atmospherically 5,6 . The depletion is thought to be maintained by disequilibrium processes such as photochemistry or mixing from a hotter interior 7-9 . However, the interiors are largely unconstrained along with the vertical mixing strength and only upper limits on the CH4 depletion have been available. The warm Neptune WASP-107b stands out among exopla...
