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作者：Gong, Bo; Johnston, Jake D.; Thiemicke, Alexander; de Marco, Alex; Meyer, Tobias
作者单位：Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Columbia University; Columbia University
摘要：Directed cell migration is driven by the front-back polarization of intracellular signalling 1-3 . Receptor tyrosine kinases and other inputs activate local signals that trigger membrane protrusions at the front 2,4-6 . Equally important is a long-range inhibitory mechanism that suppresses signalling at the back to prevent the formation of multiple fronts 7-9 . However, the identity of this mechanism is unknown. Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane (ER-PM) contact sites ar...
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作者：Chen, Miao; Knox, Christian D.; Madhusudhanan, Mithun C.; Tugwell, Thomas H.; Liu, Coco; Liu, Peng; Dong, Guangbin
作者单位：University of Chicago; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
摘要：Concerted nucleophilic substitution, known as S(N)2 reaction, is a fundamental organic transformation used in synthesis to introduce new functional groups and construct carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds(1). S(N)2 reactions typically involve backside attack of a nucleophile to the sigma* orbital of a C(sp(3))-X bond (X=halogen or other leaving group), resulting in complete inversion of a stereocentre(2). By contrast, the corresponding stereoinvertive nucleophilic substitution on electro...
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作者：Belman, Sophie; Lefrancq, Noemie; Nzenze, Susan; Downs, Sarah; du Plessis, Mignon; Lo, Stephanie W.; McGee, Lesley; Madhi, Shabir A.; von Gottberg, Anne; Bentley, Stephen D.; Salje, Henrik; Corso, Alejandra; Gagetti, Paula; Brooks, Abdullah W.; Hasanuzzaman, Md; Saha, Samir K.; Saha, Senjuti; Davydov, Alexander; Titov, Leonid; Grassi Almeida, Samanta Cristine; Turner, Paul; Zhao, Chunjiang; Wang, Hui; Ip, Margaret; Ho, Pak Leung; Law, Pierra; Keenan, Jeremy D.; Cohen, Robert; Varon, Emmanuelle; Sampane-Donkor, Eric; Veeraraghavan, Balaji; Nagaraj, Geetha; Ravikumar, K. L.; Yuvaraj, J.; Noga, Varun Shamanna; Benisty, Rachel; Dagan, Ron; Bigogo, Godfrey; Verani, Jennifer; Kiran, Anmol; Everett, Dean B.; Cornick, Jennifer; Alaerts, Maaike; Sekaran, Shamala Devi; Clarke, Stuart C.; Moiane, Benild; Sigauque, Betuel; Mucavele, Helio; Pollard, Andrew J.; Kandasamy, Rama; Carter, Philip E.; Obaro, Stephen K.; Lehmann, Deborah; Ford, Rebecca; Ochoa, Theresa J.; Skoczynska, Anna; Sadowy, Ewa; Hryniewicz, Waleria; Puzia, Weronika; Doiphode, Sanjay; Egorova, Ekaterina; Voropaeva, Elena; Urban, Yulia; Kastrin, Tamara; Ndlangisa, Kedibone; De Gouveia, Linda; Ali, Mushal; Wolter, Nicole; Lekhuleni, Cebile; Munoz Almagro, Carmen; Redin Alonso, Alba; Henares, Desiree; Srifuengfung, Somporn; Kwambana-Adams, Brenda; Foster-Nyarko, Ebenezer; Bojang, Ebrima; Antonio, Martin; Tientcheu, Peggy-Estelle; Moisi, Jennifer; Nurse-Lucas, Michele; Akpaka, Patrick E.; Eser, Ozgen Koseoglu; Scott, Anthony; Aanensen, David; Croucher, Nicholas; Lees, John A.; Gladstone, Rebecca A.; Tonkin-Hill, Gerry; Chaguza, Chrispin; Cleary, David; Mellor, Kate; Beall, Bernard; Klugman, Keith P.; Rodgers, Gail; Hawkins, Paulina A.; Blaschke, Anne J.; Pershing, Nicole L.
作者单位：Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Cambridge; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Barcelona Supercomputer Center (BSC-CNS); National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD); National Health Laboratory Service; University of Witwatersrand; University of Witwatersrand; National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD); National Health Laboratory Service; University of Bath; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; CDC National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD); National Research Foundation - South Africa; University of Witwatersrand; University of Cape Town; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR); Belarusian State Medical University; Instituto Adolfo Lutz; Peking University; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Prince of Wales Hospital; University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); CHI Creteil; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); CHI Creteil; University of Ghana; Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH) Vellore; Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS); Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Kenya Medical Research Institute; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; CDC National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD); University of Malawi; Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme; Khalifa University of Science & Technology; Khalifa University of Science & Technology; UCSI University; University of Southampton; University of Southampton; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica; University of Oxford; University of Sydney; Institute of Environmental Science & Research (ESR) - New Zealand; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; The Kids Research Institute Australia; University of Western Australia; Wesfarmers Limited; PNG Institute Of Medical Research; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; National Medicines Institute Lekow (NIL); Hamad Medical Corporation; G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology & Microbiology; Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC); University of Barcelona; CIBER - Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red; CIBERESP; Siam University; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Pfizer; University West Indies Mona Jamaica; University West Indies Saint Augustine; Hacettepe University; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; University of Oxford; Imperial College London; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; University of Oslo; Yale University; University of Birmingham; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
摘要：Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis worldwide. Many different serotypes co-circulate endemically in any one location(1,2). The extent and mechanisms of spread and vaccine-driven changes in fitness and antimicrobial resistance remain largely unquantified. Here using geolocated genome sequences from South Africa (n=6,910, collected from 2000 to 2014), we developed models to reconstruct spread, pairing detailed human mobility data and genomic data. Separately, ...
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作者：Waddle, Anthony W.; Clulow, Simon; Aquilina, Amy; Sauer, Erin L.; Kaiser, Shannon W.; Miller, Claire; Flegg, Jennifer A.; Campbell, Patricia T.; Gallagher, Harrison; Dimovski, Ivana; Lambreghts, Yorick; Berger, Lee; Skerratt, Lee F.; Shine, Richard
作者单位：University of Melbourne; Macquarie University; Macquarie University; University of Canberra; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; University of Melbourne; University of Auckland; University of Melbourne; Peter Doherty Institute; University of Melbourne; University of Tasmania
摘要：Many threats to biodiversity cannot be eliminated; for example, invasive pathogens may be ubiquitous. Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease that has spread worldwide, driving at least 90 amphibian species to extinction, and severely affecting hundreds of others1-4. Once the disease spreads to a new environment, it is likely to become a permanent part of that ecosystem. To enable coexistence with chytridiomycosis in the field, we devised an intervention that exploits host defences and pathogen v...
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作者：Sultanov, Vitaliy; Kavcic, Aljaz; Kokkinakis, Emmanouil; Sebastian, Nerea; Chekhova, Maria V.; Humar, Matjaz
作者单位：University of Erlangen Nuremberg; Max Planck Society; Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts (SASA); Jozef Stefan Institute; University of Ljubljana; University of Crete
摘要：Liquid crystals, with their ability to self-assemble, strong response to an electric field and integrability into complex systems, are key materials in light-beam manipulation(1). The recently discovered ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals(2,3) also have considerable second-order optical nonlinearity, making them a potential material for nonlinear optics(4,5). Their use as sources of quantum light could considerably extend the boundaries of photonic quantum technologies(6). However, spontane...
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作者：Jiang, Yi; Wei, Yi; Zhou, Qian-Yi; Sun, Guo-Quan; Fu, Xia-Ping; Levin, Nikita; Zhang, Yijun; Liu, Wen-Qiang; Song, Ningxi; Mohammed, Shabaz; Davis, Benjamin G.; Koh, Ming Joo
作者单位：National University of Singapore; Rosalind Franklin Institute; University of Oxford; Southern University of Science & Technology; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
摘要：Naturally occurring (native) sugars and carbohydrates contain numerous hydroxyl groups of similar reactivity 1,2 . Chemists, therefore, rely typically on laborious, multi-step protecting-group strategies 3 to convert these renewable feedstocks into reagents (glycosyl donors) to make glycans. The direct transformation of native sugars to complex saccharides remains a notable challenge. Here we describe a photoinduced approach to achieve site- and stereoselective chemical glycosylation from wide...
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作者：Ostrander, Chadlin M.; Heard, Andy W.; Shu, Yunchao; Bekker, Andrey; Poulton, Simon W.; Olesen, Kasper P.; Nielsen, Sune G.
作者单位：Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of Johannesburg; University of Leeds; University of Southern Denmark; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lorraine
摘要：The initial rise of molecular oxygen (O-2) shortly after the Archaean-Proterozoic transition 2.5 billion years ago was more complex than the single step-change once envisioned. Sulfur mass-independent fractionation records suggest that the rise of atmospheric O-2 was oscillatory, with multiple returns to an anoxic state until perhaps 2.2 billion years ago(1-3). Yet few constraints exist for contemporaneous marine oxygenation dynamics, precluding a holistic understanding of planetary oxygenatio...
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作者：Griffiths, Paul E.; Spencer, Hamish G.
作者单位：University of Sydney; University of Otago
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作者：Simons, Margaret
摘要：Andrew Pask develops genetic sequencing techniques for marsupials - including an apex predator that was hunted to death in the twentieth century.
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作者：[Anonymous]
摘要：'Amber' beads dating to the Neolithic period, lasting from the fifth to the third millennium BC, are actually mollusc shells coated with resin and natural pigments.
