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作者：Dodin, Majed; Findeisen, Sebastian; Henkel, Lukas; Sachs, Dominik; Schuele, Paul
作者单位：University of Mannheim; University of Konstanz; University of Konstanz; European Central Bank; University of St Gallen; University of Munich
摘要：We characterize intergenerational mobility in Germany using census data on educational attainment and parental income for 526,000 children. Motivated by Germany's tracking system in secondary education, our measure of opportunity is the A -Level degree, a requirement for access to university. A 10 percentile increase in parental income rank is associated with a 5.2 percentage point increase in the A -Level share. This gradient remained unchanged for the birth cohorts 1980-1996, despite a large...
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作者：Bauer, Lauren; Ruffini, Krista; Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore
作者单位：Brookings Institution; Georgetown University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper examines how providing families with lump-sum in-kind assistance during the pandemic affected food hardship, economic well-being, and maternal health. We study the introduction of a new program, P-EBT, that provided grocery vouchers worth approximately $300 per student during spring and summer 2020. Using crossstate variation in program timing, we find that families spent $18-42 per student per week in the 6 weeks after benefit receipt. Household food insufficiency and children's fo...
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作者：Ivanov, Ivan T.; Zimmermann, Tom
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago; University of Cologne
摘要：We study the determinants of local governments' reliance on bank loans using granular data from the Federal Reserve. Governments that are larger, riskier, rely on historically stable revenue sources, or have higher spending relative to revenues are more likely to borrow from banks. Declines in revenues, reductions in bond market access, and relationships with financial advisers and underwriters all strongly predict higher bank loan reliance. While resemblance between bank loans and bonds is li...
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作者：Mulhern, Christine; McNeill, Shelby; Unlu, Fatih; Phillips, Brian; Edmunds, Julie A.; Grebing, Eric
作者单位：RAND Corporation; Amazon.com; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro
摘要：Specialized high schools are an increasingly popular way to prepare young adults for postsecondary experiences and expand school choice. While much literature examines charter school spillover effects and the effects of specialized schools on the students who attend them, little is known about the spillover effects of specialized high schools on traditional public schools (TPS). Using an event study design, we show that one type of specialized high school, North Carolina's Cooperative Innovati...
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作者：Stostad, Morten Nyborg; Cowell, Frank
作者单位：Norwegian School of Economics (NHH); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：Economic inequality may affect a wide range of societal outcomes, for example crime rates, economic growth, and political polarization. In this paper we discuss how to model such effects in welfarist frameworks. Our main suggestion is to treat economic inequality itself as an externality, which has wide-ranging implications for classical economic theory. We show this through the Mirrlees (1971) optimal non-linear income taxation model, where we focus on a post -tax income inequality externalit...
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作者：Leganza, Jonathan M.
作者单位：Clemson University
摘要：Tax policy may influence intergenerational transfers, especially the method and timing of gifts. In this paper, I study how tax rules that mandate the decumulation of retirement savings accounts impact transfers from parents to children. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study and a regression discontinuity design, I estimate the causal effects of aging into Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) regulations, which mandate withdrawals from retirement accounts upon reaching a specified age...
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作者：Basic, Zvonimir; Verrina, Eugenio
作者单位：University of Glasgow; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
摘要：We propose a simple utility framework and design a novel two-part experiment to study the relevance of personal norms across various economic games and settings. We show that personal norms - together with social norms and monetary payoff - are highly predictive of individuals' behavior. Moreover, they are: (i) distinct from social norms across a series of economic contexts; (ii) robust to an exogenous increase in the salience of social norms; and (iii) complementary to social norms in predict...
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作者：Bizopoulou, Aspasia; Megalokonomou, Rigissa; Simion, Stefania
作者单位：VATT Institute for Economic Research; Monash University; University of Bristol
摘要：In several countries, students who fail high-stakes exams at the end of high school are faced with the choice of retaking or forgoing postsecondary education. We explore exogenous variation generated by a policy that imposed a performance threshold for admission into postsecondary education in Greece to estimate the effect of retaking exams on the exam performance and various measures of the quality of received offers. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and novel administrative data...
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作者：Mikdash, Maya; Zaiour, Reem
作者单位：Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Vanderbilt University
摘要：This paper studies the effect of police-involved shootings on gun violence and civilian cooperation with police, as proxied by crime reports made via 911 calls. To distinguish between crime reporting and crime incidence, we use administrative data on 911 calls and ShotSpotter data from Minneapolis. Exploiting the variation in the timing and the distance to these incidents, we show that exposure to a police shooting increases gun- related crimes by 5-6 percent, and decreases shots reported by 1...
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作者：Dotti, Valerio
作者单位：Universita Ca Foscari Venezia
摘要：We investigate the effects of population ageing on immigration policies using a citizen-candidate model of elections. In each period, young people work and pay taxes while old people receive social security payments. Immigrants are all young, meaning they contribute significantly to financing the cost of public services and social security. Among natives, the elderly and the poor benefit the most from public spending. However, since these two types of voters do not internalise the positive fis...
