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作者：Boyd-Swan, Casey; Herbst, Chris M.
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：This paper sheds light on two key issues regarding the demand for teacher characteristics in the market for center-based child care. First, we study the extent to which teacher qualifications often considered important inputs to classroom quality are valued by providers during the hiring process. We then examine the impact of state regulations on hiring decisions. To do so, a resume audit study was administered in which job-seeker characteristics were randomly assigned to resumes that were sub...
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作者：Lapointe, Simon; Perroni, Carlo; Scharf, Kimberley; Tukiainen, Janne
作者单位：VATT Institute for Economic Research; University of Warwick; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Birmingham; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We analyze implications of market size for market structure in the charity sector. While a standard model of oligopolistic for-profit competition predicts a positive relationship between market size and firm size, our analogous model of competition between prosocially motivated charities predicts no such correlation. If charities are biased towards their own provision, a positive association between market size and provider size can arise. We examine these predictions empirically for six diffe...
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作者：Lergetporer, Philipp; Schwerdt, Guido; Werner, Katharina; West, Martin R.; Woessmann, Ludger
作者单位：Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Munich; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Konstanz; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Munich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Munich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut
摘要：To study whether current spending levels and public knowledge of them contribute to transatlantic differences in policy preferences, we implement parallel survey experiments in Germany and the United States. In both countries, support for increased education spending and teacher salaries falls when respondents receive information about existing levels. Treatment effects vary by prior knowledge in a manner consistent with information effects rather than priming. Support for salary increases is ...
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作者：Benesch, Christine; Butler, Monika; Hofer, Katharina E.
作者单位：University of St Gallen; University of St Gallen
摘要：How does transparency affect voting behavior? To answer this question we exploit a switch from a show of hands to electronic voting in the Upper House of the Swiss Parliament. The change, which took place halfway through the 2011-2015 legislative period, also brought about the online publication of individual voting records. Using the Lower House as a control group, we compare individual voting decisions in a set of identical votes in both chambers. This unique framework makes it possible to e...
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作者：Damgaard, Mette Trier; Gravert, Christina
作者单位：Aarhus University; University of Gothenburg
摘要：We document the hidden costs of a popular nudge and show how these costs distort policy making when neglected. In a field experiment with a charity, we find reminders increasing intended behavior (donations), but also increasing avoidance behavior (unsubscriptions from the mailing list). We develop a dynamic model of donation and unsubscription behavior with limited attention. We test the model in a second field experiment which also provides evidence that the hidden costs are anticipated. The...
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作者：Perez-Truglia, Ricardo; Troiano, Ugo
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Many federal and local governments rely on shaming penalties to achieve policy goals, but little is known about how shaming works. Such penalties may be ineffective, or even backfire by crowding out intrinsic motivation. In this paper, we study shaming in the context of the collection of tax delinquencies. We sent letters to 34,334 tax delinquents who owed a total of half a billion dollars in three U.S. states. We randomized some of the information contained in the letter to vary the salience ...
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作者：Saez, Emmanuel; Stantcheva, Stefanie
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Harvard University
摘要：This paper develops a theory of optimal capital taxation that expresses optimal tax formulas in sufficient statistics. We first consider a simple model with utility functions linear in consumption and featuring heterogeneous utility for wealth. In this case, there are no transitional dynamics, the steady-state is reached immediately and has finite elasticities of capital with respect to the net-of-tax rate. This allows for a tractable optimal tax analysis with formulas expressed in terms of em...
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作者：Exley, Christine L.; Petrie, Ragan
作者单位：Harvard University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
摘要：Individuals frequently exploit flexibility built into decision environments to give less. They use uncertainty to justify options benefiting themselves over others, they avoid information that may encourage them to give, and they avoid the ask itself. In this paper, we examine whether a reluctance to give may arise even when such explicit flexibility is absent. We investigate whether merely alerting individuals to an upcoming prosocial ask - that is neither avoided nor occurs in an environment...
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作者：Hall, Jonathan D.
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：Though economists have long advocated road pricing as an efficiency-enhancing solution to traffic congestion, it has rarely been implemented, primarily because it is thought to create losers as well as winners. This paper shows that a judiciously designed toll applied to a portion of the lanes of a highway can generate a Pareto improvement before using the revenue, a sufficient condition being that drivers with a high value of time travel at the peak of rush hour. I obtain these new theoretica...
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作者：Serrato, Juan Carlos Suarez; Zidar, Owen
作者单位：Duke University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Princeton University
摘要：This paper documents facts about the state corporate tax structure - tax rates, base rules, and credits - and investigates its consequences for state tax revenue and economic activity. We present three main findings. First, tax base rules and credits explain more of the variation in state corporate tax revenues than tax rates do. Second, although states typically do not offset tax rate changes with base and credit changes, the effects of tax rate changes on tax revenue and economic activity de...
