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作者：Koffi, Marlene; Marx, Matt
作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We analyze nearly 70 million scientific articles to estimate the gender dynamics in the commercialization of science. We report a gender gap of 14 percent, which does not appear to be explained either by the quality of the science or by its commercial potential. The gap is widest among papers with female last authors (i.e., lab head or principal investigator), even when publishing high-quality science. However, the gap vanishes when authors self-commercialize discoveries via new ventures, and ...
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作者：Ajzenman, Nicolas; Elacqua, Gregory; Marotta, Luana; Olsen, Anne Sofie
作者单位：McGill University; IZA Institute Labor Economics; Inter-American Development Bank; Novo Nordisk
摘要：We evaluate a nationwide zero-cost intervention to reduce teacher sorting, where lower-income students are more likely to attend understaffed schools with less qualified teachers. Our approach was grounded in an insight from behavioral economics known as order effects. In the treatment arm, the teacher job application platform showed hard-to-staff schools first, while, in the control group, schools were displayed alphabetically. Treated teachers were more likely to apply to hard-to-staff schoo...
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作者：Smith, Cory
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：I study the long-run economic effects of land concentration on the American frontier. Using quasi-random variation in initial land allocations from a checkerboard formula, I analyze a large database of property assessments and find that historical concentration reduced modern land values by 4.5 percent and fixed capital by 23 percent. Modern effect sizes are 23-64 percent of their historical equivalents, indicating significant rates of both persistence and convergence over the last 150 years. ...
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作者：Freedman, Seth; Sacks, Daniel W.; Simon, Kosali; Wing, Coady
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
摘要：We estimate direct and indirect vaccine effectiveness and assess how far the infection-reducing externality extends from the vaccinated, a key input to policy decisions. Our empirical strategy uses nearly universal microdata from a single state and relies on the six-month delay between 12-and 11-year-old COVID vaccine eligibility. Vaccination reduces cases by 80 percent, the direct effect. This protection spills over to close contacts, producing a household-level indirect effect about three-fo...
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作者：Terrier, Camille; Pathak, Parag A.; Ren, Kevin
作者单位：University of London; Queen Mary University London; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：Countries and cities around the world increasingly rely on centralized systems for student placement. Two algorithms, deferred acceptance (DA) and immediate acceptance (IA), are widespread. We investigate the effects of the national ban of IA in England. Before the ban, 49 local authorities used DA and 16 used IA; all switched to DA afterward. We find that the elimination of IA reduces measures of school quality for low-SES students more than high-SES students. This effect is primarily driven ...
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作者：Gupta, Atul; La Forgia, Ambar; Sacarny, Adam
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Columbia University
摘要：Firms often exploit weaknesses in government contracts to boost revenues, yet little is known about how they allocate these funds. We study how hospitals allocated $3 billion obtained from gaming a Medicare loophole. The average gaming hospital increased Medicare and total revenue by around 10 percent, implying large spillovers on other payers. Nonprofit hospitals deployed most funds toward operating costs. For-profits-driven by a large chain-deducted funds off their balance sheets, distributi...
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作者：Garg, Teevrat; Gennaioli, Caterina; Lovo, Stefania; Singer, Gregor
作者单位：University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of London; Queen Mary University London; University of Reading; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We examine the effect of intergroup competition on within-group violent conflict in Indonesia. Using a triple-differences design, we find that higher competition for national government transfers between villages reduces within-village conflict. These effects persist regardless of the competition's outcome, are stronger in ethnically fractionalized and segregated villages, and are accompanied by higher attendance in village meetings. Our results are consistent with external competition favorin...
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作者：Bentzen, Jeanet Sinding; Pizzigolotto, Alessandro; Sperling, Lena Lindbjerg
作者单位：University of Copenhagen
摘要：Can policies shape personal values and beliefs? To examine, we exploit the staggered introduction of faith-based initiatives across US states. Our difference-in-differences analysis reveals that the initiatives strengthened religiosity and conservative-religious social views, such as attitudes against homosexuals. The evidence points to causal effects; we find no systematic differences prior to implementation, the results are robust to restricting comparison to contiguous counties and to condu...
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作者：Reck, Daniel; Seibold, Arthur
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Munich
摘要：We analyze welfare under reference-dependent preferences. We decompose the first-order welfare effects of reference point and price changes into direct and behavioral effects. The sign of these effects depends on the form of reference-dependent payoffs; which effects are welfare relevant depends on whether reference dependence reflects a bias. We characterize corresponding social welfare effects in terms of estimable reduced-form parameters and normative judgments. We apply our framework to re...
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作者：Xu, Xiaogeng; Metsalampi, Satu; Kirchler, Michael; Kotakorpi, Kaisa; Matthews, Peter Hans; Miettinen, Topi
作者单位：Hanken School of Economics; University of Turku; University of Innsbruck; Tampere University; Middlebury College
摘要：Received wisdom holds that income rank matters for life satisfaction, but causal evidence on the nature and impact of income comparisons is limited. We randomize individuals from a representative sample of mid-career Finns to receive personal rank information from one of several reference groups. We find strong evidence of the effect of rank information on income satisfaction, but weaker effects on life satisfaction, and some evidence of real effects in experimental and administrative data. Ef...
