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作者：Potoski, M; Prakash, A
作者单位：Iowa State University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
摘要：Voluntary environmental programs are codes of progressive environmental conduct that firms pledge to adopt. This paper investigates whether ISO 14001, a voluntary program with a weak sword-a weak monitoring and sanctioning mechanism-can mitigate shirking and improve participants' environmental performance. Sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 14001 is the most widely adopted voluntary environmental program in the world. Our analysis of over 3,000 facilitie...
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作者：Tauras, JA
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
摘要：In the wake of significant budget shortfalls, 37 states and the District of Columbia have recently increased cigarette excise taxes to boost revenues. This study examines the impact of increasing the price of cigarettes, which will occur as a consequence of cigarette excise tax increases, and implementing restrictions on smoking in private worksites, restaurants, government worksites, healthcare facilities, and other public places on young adult smoking progression. This paper employs national...
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作者：Sizer, TR
作者单位：Harvard University; Brandeis University; Brown University
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作者：Joyce, T; Gibson, D; Colman, S
作者单位：City University of New York (CUNY) System; Baruch College (CUNY); National Bureau of Economic Research; City University of New York (CUNY) System
摘要：We analyze the relationship between prenatal WIC participation and birth outcomes in New York City from 1988-2001. The analysis is unique for several reasons. First, we have over 800,000 births to women on Medicaid, the largest sample ever used to analyze prenatal participation in WIC. Second, we focus on measures,of fetal growth distinct from preterm birth, since there is little clinical support for a link between nutritional supplementation and premature delivery. Third, we restrict the prim...
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作者：Wu, YH
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
摘要：This is a cross-state empirical study which examines the effects of state research and development (R&D) tax credits on private R&D expenditure in the states. Other explanatory variables include federal R&D subsidies, public services in higher education and R&D-targeted programs as well as other control variables. The statistical result shows that the establishment of state R&D credit programs is effective in stimulating more industrial R&D expenditure. In addition, state services in higher ed...
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作者：Cawley, J; Danziger, S
作者单位：Cornell University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：This paper utilizes a rich longitudinal data set-the Women Employment Study (WES)-to investigate whether obesity, which is common among women of low socioeconomic status, is a barrier to employment and earnings for current and former welfare recipients. We find that former welfare recipients who are both White and morbidly obese have been less successful in transitioning from welfare to work. These women are less likely to work at any survey wave, spend a greater percentage of months between w...
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作者：Carrell, SE; West, JE
作者单位：United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; United States Air Force Academy
摘要：The current U.S. military pay structure offers inequitable and inefficient wages across locations. Military personnel are paid less competitive wages in high-cost and/or low-amenity locations compared to low-cost and/or high-amenity locations. This pay system results in unequal reenlistment rates across locations, which leads to production inefficiencies caused by short-term manning shortages in high-turnover locations. Wages set according to local civilian compensating wage differentials woul...
