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作者：Butcher, Jonathan
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作者：FitzSimons, Crystal
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作者：Balla-Elliott, Dylan; Cullen, Zoe B.; Glaeser, Edward L.; Luca, Michael; Stanton, Christopher
作者单位：University of Chicago; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University
摘要：The COVID-19 pandemic led to dramatic economic disruptions, including government-imposed restrictions that temporarily shuttered millions of American businesses. We use a nationwide survey of thousands of small business owners to establish three main facts about business owners' decisions to reopen at the end of the lockdowns. First, roughly 60 percent of firms planned to reopen within days of the end of legal restrictions, suggesting that the lockdowns were generally binding for businesses-al...
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作者：Goldhaber, Dan; Imberman, Scott A.; Strunk, Katharine O.; Hopkins, Bryant G.; Brown, Nate; Harbatkin, Erica; Kilbride, Tara
作者单位：American Institutes for Research; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Michigan State University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University
摘要：In this paper we use data from Michigan and Washington on COVID case rates at the county level linked to information on the instructional modality offered by local public school districts during the 2020/2021 school year to assess the relationship between modality and COVID spread. We focus primarily on COVID case rates, but also provide estimates for hospitalizations (in Washington only) and deaths. District and month fixed effects models that exploit within-district (over time) variation in ...
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作者：Abu-Qarn, Aamer; Lichtman-Sadot, Shirlee
作者单位：Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
摘要：Disadvantaged communities are often geographically segregated from employment and higher education opportunities. Increasing access can entail substantial welfare gains, but this can also affect the trade-off faced by young adults between investing in higher education and working for pay. We evaluate the introduction of bus services to Arab towns in Israel, which substantially and differentially increased access either to work only or to work and higher education opportunities among a disadvan...
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作者：Hiltz, Justin A.
作者单位：Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University
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作者：Lane, Bradley W.
作者单位：University of Kansas
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作者：Homonoff, Tatiana; Kao, Lee-Sien; Selman, Javiera; Seybolt, Christina
作者单位：New York University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Tulane University; Tulane University
摘要：Regulation of goods associated with negative environmental externalities may decrease consumption of the targeted product, but may be ineffective at reducing the externality itself if close substitutes are left unregulated. We find evidence that plastic bag bans, the most common disposable bag regulation in the U.S., led retailers to circumvent the regulation by providing free thicker plastic bags, which are not covered by the ban. In contrast, a regulation change that replaced the ban with a ...
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作者：Coopersmith, Jared; Cook, Thomas D.; Zurovac, Jelena; Chaplin, Duncan; Forrow, Lauren, V
作者单位：Mathematica; Northwestern University; George Washington University; Mathematica
摘要：This paper meta-analyzes 12 heterogeneous studies that examine bias in the comparative interrupted time-series design (CITS) that is often used to evaluate the effects of social policy interventions. To measure bias, each CITS impact estimate was differenced from the estimate derived from a theoretically unbiased causal benchmark study that tested the same hypothesis with the same treatment group, outcome data, and estimand. In 10 studies, the benchmark was a randomized experiment and in the o...
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作者：Tekin, Erdal
