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作者：Boisnier, Alicia D.
作者单位：Suffolk University
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作者：Guthrie, Doug
作者单位：New York University
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作者：Ruef, Martin; Patterson, Kelly
作者单位：Princeton University; Cornell University
摘要：In this article, we examine how issues of multi-category membership (hybridity) were handled during the evolution of one of the first general systems of industrial classification in the United States, the credit rating schema of R. G. Dun and Company. Drawing on a repeated cross-sectional study of credit evaluations during the postbellum period (1870-1900), our empirical analyses suggest that organizational membership in multiple categories need not be problematic when classification systems t...
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作者：Golden-Biddle, Karen
作者单位：Boston University
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作者：Kamps, Jaap
作者单位：University of Amsterdam
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作者：Bunderson, J. Stuart; Thompson, Jeffery A.
作者单位：Washington University (WUSTL); Brigham Young University
摘要：A qualitative examination of work meaning in the zookeeping profession pointed to the centrality of the notion of work as a personal calling. The view of calling expressed by zookeepers, however, was closer in basic structure to the classical conceptualization of the Protestant reformers than it was to more recent formulations. We used qualitative data from interviews with U. S. zookeepers to develop hypotheses about the implications of this neoclassical conceptualization of calling for the re...
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作者：Zaheer, Akbar; Soda, Giuseppe
作者单位：University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Bocconi University
摘要：We develop and test a theory of the origins of network structures, specifically of structural holes, building and testing a theoretical framework proposing that network structures emerge from the interplay of two complementary forces: structural constraints and network opportunities. We analyze data on a co-membership network among 501 production teams in the Italian TV production industry tracked over a period of 12 years, explicitly accounting for endogeneity. We find that structural holes s...
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作者：Gargiulo, Martin; Ertug, Gokhan; Galunic, Charles
作者单位：INSEAD Business School; INSEAD Business School; Singapore Management University
摘要：This paper argues that the effect of dense social ties, or network closure, on a knowledge worker's performance depends on the predominant role this worker plays with his or her exchange partners in the relationships affected by that closure. Using data on informal exchanges among investment bankers in the equities division of a large financial services firm operating in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Africa, and the Americas in 2001, we find that network closure in relationships in which the banker ac...
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作者：Fleischer, Anne
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：This paper challenges the suggestion in prior research on rating systems, and categories more generally, that such systems help facilitate exchange by providing information and distinguishing between different products, proposing that in some instances they create ambiguity instead. 1 hypothesize that ambiguity in a rating organization's classification system increases with the number of conflict-of-interest relationships it has with producers of the products it rates. Using the rating systems...
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作者：Rugman, Alan M.
作者单位：Indiana University System; IU Kelley School of Business; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Reading
